Apa itu marpol 73 78

12 Sep 2008by Riviera Newsletters

It has been 25 years since the International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships was first introduced*

It has been 25 years since the International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships was first introduced*

Marpol 73/78 is an international treaty that regulates ship design, operation, and the disposal of wastes generated by vessel operation. It consists of six annexes. Annexes I and II are mandatory for all parties to the treaty, while Annexes III, IV, V, and VI are optional and only binding for parties that specifically accept them.

All parties to Marpol 73/78 must ensure that ships under their flag and those that enter their jurisdiction comply with applicable requirements.

Annex I entered into force on 2 October 1983, and all signatory states were obligated to enforce the regulations for the prevention of pollution by oil. Annex II for noxious liquids carried in bulk entered into force a few years later on 6 April 1987. Annex I and Annex II of Marpol 73/78 mandate the development and approval of pollution response plans for vessels. Plans include shipboard oil pollution emergency plans (SOPEPs) under Regulation 37 of Annex I, and shipboard marine pollution emergency plans (SMPEPS) under Regulation 17 of Annex II.

On 14 June 2007 IMO requirements for the protocol on preparedness, response, and cooperation to pollution incidents by hazardous and noxious substances, 2000 (OPRC-HNS protocol) came into force. While the United States is signatory to Annex I and II of Marpol, it is not signatory to the OPRC-HNS protocol.

As the accompanying article makes clear, the purpose of shipboard oil pollution emergency plans and shipboard marine pollution emergency plans is to minimise the environmental impact of oil and, or noxious liquid substance (NLS) discharges from ships and to help shipboard personnel prepare for unexpected discharges.

Regulation 37 of Annex I requires ocean-going oil tankers of 150gt or more and ocean-going ships of 400gt or more to carry an approved shipboard oil pollution emergency plan. In addition, vessels that carry any amount of oil aboard as cargo, operational waste, or fuel, and meet the specification above, must also maintain an approved SOPEP on board. Regulation 17 of Annex II requires any ocean-going ships of 150gt and above certified to carry noxious liquid substances in bulk to maintain an approved SMPEP-NLS on board. Since most of the contents are the same as those of a SOPEP, IMO permits plan holders to combine the two plans into a SMPEP.

IMO requires that the plans be approved by the states under which the vessel is registered. In the United States, as party to Marpol 73/78, the Coast Guard is the US agency to ensure compliance. Every ship that enters a US port or offshore terminal under US jurisdiction is subject to Coast Guard boarding for verification of compliance with Marpol 73/78. In addition, to ensure the compliance of US-flagged vessels, the US established federal regulation Title 33 CFR 151, implementing the international law Regulation 37 of Annex I at a national level, based upon IMO guidelines.

The Coast Guard was also charged with the responsibility of reviewing and approving IMO plans for US-flagged vessels. As a party to Marpol 73/78, the US Coast Guard is required to ensure compliance for US-flagged vessels carrying noxious liquid substances. The Coast Guard has future plans to update 33 CFR Part 151 to reflect Marpol 73/78 Annex II SMPEP requirements for US-flagged vessels.

At the present time, vessel owners and operators, who request issuance of SMPEPs for their vessels, can use NVIC 03-04 as a guide to develop such plans. As of August 2007, approximately 2,700 US-flagged vessels maintain active shipboard oil pollution emergency plans and 450 US-flagged vessels maintain active shipboard marine pollution emergency plans. All IMO plans are reviewed and approved by the Coast Guard and receive approval letters that are valid for five years from the date of approval.

It is important to note that the maintenance of a valid SOPEP or SMPEP-NLS is necessary for an applicable vessel to receive and maintain an international oil pollution prevention (IOPP) certificate and engage in international voyages to ports or offshore terminals under the jurisdiction of other parties to Marpol 73/78. Vessels that fail to produce a valid IOPP certificate may be subject to port state controls of other parties to Marpol 73/78, and ships may be detained, expelled, or refused entry.

Marpol 73/78 has been so successful in its mission of reducing pollution at sea that in 1990 the National Research Council Marine Board of the United States credited Marpol 73/78 with making “a substantial positive impact in decreasing the amount of oil that enters the sea”. In 1998, the volume of oil spilled was over 5,000,000 gallons less than that in 1978. Today, 144 countries representing almost 98 per cent of the world's tonnage have become party to Annexes I and II of Marpol 73/78. TST

*Both this and the preceding article are based on material that originally appeared in the US Coast Guard’s Proceedings, Spring 2008 Images/tables in these article appear courtesy of the US Coast Guard

Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud MARPOL 73 78?

Apa artinya MARPOL?

MARPOL mengatur tentang apa?

Peraturan mengenai hal apa yang tercantum dalam Annex V MARPOL 73 78 adalah?