What are the four characteristics of a public stock company that make it an attractive corporate form?

It is often debated whether a commonly perceived "good" company, as defined by characteristics such as competitive advantage, stable earnings, above-average management, and market leadership, is also a good company in which to invest. While these characteristics of a good company can point toward a good investment, this article will explain how to also evaluate the company's financial characteristics and how to know if a company is a good investment.

While the short-term process may have changed, the characteristics of a good company in which to buy stock have not. Stable earnings, return on equity (ROE), and their relative value compared with those of other companies are timeless indicators of the financial success of companies that might be good investments.

• There are many ways to evaluate the financial success of a company, including market leadership and competitive advantage.
• However, two of the most highly-regarded statistics for evaluating a company's financial health include stable earnings and comparing its return on equity (ROE) to others in its market sector.

Earnings are essential for a stock to be considered a good investment. Without stable earnings, it is difficult to evaluate the financial success of company A versus company B, and what a company is worth beyond its book value. While current earnings may have been overlooked during eras like the Internet stock boom, investors, whether they knew it or not, were buying stocks in companies that they expected to have earnings in the future.

Earnings can be evaluated in any number of ways, but three of the most prominent metrics are growth, stability, and quality.

Earnings growth is usually described as a percentage, in periods like year-over-year, quarter-over-quarter, and month-over-month. The basic premise of earnings growth is that the current reported earnings should exceed the previously reported earnings. While some may say that this is backward-looking and that future earnings are more important, this metric establishes a pattern that can be charted and tells a lot about the company's historic ability to increase earnings. 

While the pattern of growth is important, like all other valuation tools, the relative relationship of the growth rate matters, as well. For example, if a company's long-term earnings growth rate is 5% and the overall market averages 7%, the company's number is not that impressive.

On the flip side, an earnings growth rate of 7% when the market averages 5% establishes a pattern of increasing earnings faster than the market. This measure on its own is only a start, though. The company should then be compared to its industry and sector peers.

Earnings stability is a measure of how consistently those earnings have been generated over time. Stable earnings growth typically occurs in industries where growth has a more predictable pattern.

Earnings can grow at a rate similar to revenue growth; this is usually referred to as top-line growth and is more obvious to the casual observer. Earnings can also grow because a company is cutting expenses to add to the bottom line. It is important to verify where the stability is coming from when comparing one company to another. 

Quality of earnings factors heavily into the evaluation of a company's status. This process is usually left to a professional analyst, but the casual analyst can take a few steps to determine the quality of a company's earnings.

For example, if a company is increasing its earnings but has declining revenues and increasing costs, you can be guaranteed that this growth is an accounting anomaly and will, most likely, not last. 

Return on equity (ROE) measures the ability of a company's management to turn a profit on the money that its shareholders have entrusted it with.

ROE is calculated as follows:

ROE = Net Income / Shareholders' Equity

ROE is the purest form of absolute and relative valuation and can be broken down even further. Like earnings growth, ROE can be compared to the overall market and to peer groups in the sector and industry. Obviously, in the absence of any earnings, ROE would be negative. To this point, it is also important to examine the company's historical ROE to evaluate its consistency. Just like earnings, consistent ROE can help establish a pattern that a company can consistently deliver to shareholders.

While all of these characteristics may lead to a sound investment in a good company, none of the metrics used to value a company should be allowed to stand alone. Don't make the common mistake of overlooking relative comparisons when evaluating whether a company is a good investment.

The world of stock picking has evolved. Previously, the duty of traditional stock analysts has become empowered by individuals using the Internet; now, stocks are now analyzed by all kinds of people, using all kinds of methods.

In order to compare information across a broad spectrum, data needs to be gathered. Since the majority of information available on the Internet is free, the debate is whether to use free information or subscribe to a premium service. A rule of thumb is the old adage, "You get what you pay for."

For example, if you are looking to compare earnings quality across the market sector, a free web site would probably provide just the raw data to compare. While this is a good place to start, it might better suit you to pay for a service that will "scrub" the data or point out the accounting anomalies, enabling a clearer comparison.

While there are many ways to determine if a company that is widely regarded as "a good company" is also a good investment, examining earnings and ROE are two of the best ways to draw a conclusion. Stable earnings growth is important, but its consistency and quality need to be evaluated to establish a pattern. ROE is one of the most basic valuation tools in an analyst's arsenal but should only be considered the first step in evaluating a company's ability to return a profit on shareholder's equity.

Finally, all of this consideration will be in vain if you don't compare your findings to a relative base. For some companies, a comparison to the overall market is fine, but most should be compared to their own industries and sectors.

When you start your business, a choice is made regarding the business entity that the business is organized as. Although some business owners remain a sole proprietor under a DBA, also known as "doing business as" moniker, most business owners choose an entity that provides a level of personal liability protection and allows for more diverse investor options or transfers of ownership. One of the most common entities registered is the corporation. There are various ways to identify a corporation when looking at the accounting and company books.

The five main characteristics of a corporation are limited liability, shareholder ownership, double taxation, continuing lifespan and, in most cases, professional management.

A corporation grants the owners limited liability against debts and lawsuits filed against the company. This means that any loans, credit cards, mortgages or revolving credit with vendors, are the sole responsibility of the company. The same is true for any lawsuits or insurance claims against the company.

This is best illustrated when a company goes into financial hardship and files for bankruptcy; payroll, taxes and debts are all paid before any shareholder gets paid from the remaining assets, but the shareholders are not liable to pay for any of these if the assets are not enough to pay everything off. All accounting is done for a corporation under its own unique Tax Identification Number obtained from the IRS.

The corporation is owned by shareholders. When the corporation is formed, a fixed number of company stock shares are issued. Stock shares can be owned by one person or many shareholders. When you think of the public corporations that sell stock on the stock exchanges, there are potentially millions of owners to any given company. Shareholders are allowed to vote based on the number of shares they own; the more shares an owner has the more control he has over the company's decisions.

For a smaller corporation, double taxation is a significant consideration. The corporation is taxed on earning at the business level. When profits are distributed to shareholders, those are also taxed as dividends. Depending on the overall revenues and how much is distributed to the shareholders, this could have a significant financial impact on the owners. Keep in mind that there are two types of corporate structures, the C corporation and the S- corp. Smaller businesses may elect the S-corp to pass through revenues directly to owners to mitigate the double taxation.

A corporation is its own entity, meaning it has a lifespan that only ends when the board of directors and owners vote to dissolve the business. This means a corporation extends beyond the lifespan of its human owners. Stock shares are transferable upon death or have the ability to be sold and transferred from person to person. Transfers happen either through a public stock exchange or through private transactions for nonpublic entities.

The transfer of stock is why a large company like Ford Motor Company and many other major corporations still exist today, even though their founders died decades ago.

The owners of a corporation may be able to vote on decisions for the board of directors to make final directives on, but the shareholders are not necessarily the managers of the company. For many small businesses, the majority shareholder is the founder and main leader of the company. However, it is possible for any corporation to hire a company leadership, while also reaping the benefits of the profits. The board of directors votes on major budget items.