Putar d kali dalam ahli penugasan python

String

In Python, strings can be delimited by a pair of single-quotes (

Enter a number: 123456789
123456789 is a magic number
123456789 is a magic number

Enter a number: 123456789
123456789 is a magic number
123456789 is a magic number

Enter a number: 123456789
123456789 is a magic number
123456789 is a magic number

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To place a single-quote (

Enter a number: 123456789
123456789 is a magic number
123456789 is a magic number

Enter a number: 123456789
123456789 is a magic number
123456789 is a magic number

Enter a number: 123456789
123456789 is a magic number
123456789 is a magic number

Enter a number: 123456789
123456789 is a magic number
123456789 is a magic number

A triple-single-quoted or triple-double-quoted string can span multiple lines. There is no need for escape sequence to place a single/double quote inside a triple-quoted string. Triple-quoted strings are useful for multi-line documentation, HTML and other codes

Python 3 uses Unicode character set to support internationalization (i18n)

Escape Sequences for Characters (\code)

Like C/C++/Java, you need to use escape sequences (a back-slash + a code) for

• Special non-printable characters, such as tab (

  Enter a number: 123456789
  123456789 is a magic number
  123456789 is a magic number

  84), newline (

  Enter a number: 123456789
  123456789 is a magic number
  123456789 is a magic number

  85), carriage return (

  Enter a number: 123456789
  123456789 is a magic number
  123456789 is a magic number

  86)
• Resolve ambiguity, such as

  Enter a number: 123456789
  123456789 is a magic number
  123456789 is a magic number

  83 (for

  Enter a number: 123456789
  123456789 is a magic number
  123456789 is a magic number

  82 inside double-quoted string),

  Enter a number: 123456789
  123456789 is a magic number
  123456789 is a magic number

  81 (for

  Enter a number: 123456789
  123456789 is a magic number
  123456789 is a magic number

  80 inside single-quoted string),

  Enter a number: 123456789
  123456789 is a magic number
  123456789 is a magic number

  91 (for ________139_______48)

• Enter a number: 123456789
  123456789 is a magic number
  123456789 is a magic number

  93 for character in hex value and

  Enter a number: 123456789
  123456789 is a magic number
  123456789 is a magic number

  94 for octal value

• Enter a number: 123456789
  123456789 is a magic number
  123456789 is a magic number

  95 for 4-hex-digit (16-bit) Unicode character and

  Enter a number: 123456789
  123456789 is a magic number
  123456789 is a magic number

  96 for 8-hex-digit (32-bit) Unicode character

Raw Strings (r'. ' or r". ")

You can prefix a string by

Enter a number: 123456789
123456789 is a magic number
123456789 is a magic number

Enter a number: 123456789
123456789 is a magic number
123456789 is a magic number

Enter a number: 123456789
123456789 is a magic number
123456789 is a magic number

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Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Strings are Immutable

Strings are immutable, i. e. , their contents cannot be modified. String functions such as

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Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Built-in Functions and Operators for Strings

You can operate on strings using

• built-in functions such as

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  04;
• operators such as

  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  2 (contains),

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  0 (concatenation),

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  2 (repetition), indexing

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  21 and

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  22, and slicing

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

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Note. These functions and operators are applicable to all

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# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

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# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

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Sebagai contoh,

Character Type?

Python does not have a dedicated character data type. A character is simply a string of length 1. You can use the indexing operator to extract individual character from a string, as shown in the above example; or process individual character using

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

The built-in functions

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Unicode vs ASCII

In Python 3, strings are defaulted to be Unicode. ASCII strings are represented as byte strings, prefixed with

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In Python 2, strings are defaulted to be ASCII strings (byte strings). Unicode strings are prefixed with

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You should always use Unicode for internationalization (i18n)

String-Specific Member Functions

Python supports strings via a built-in class called

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  41. hapus spasi putih di depan dan di belakang, spasi putih di kanan (di belakang);

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  44. Return a uppercase/lowercase counterpart, respectively

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  47. Check if the string is uppercase/lowercase, respectively

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Pemformatan String 1 (Gaya Baru). Menggunakan str. format() fungsi

Ada beberapa cara untuk menghasilkan string yang diformat untuk keluaran. Python 3 memperkenalkan gaya baru dalam fungsi anggota

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$ Python3 grade_statistics.py
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
---------------
The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
The minimum is: 7
The minimum using built-in function is: 7
The sum is: 357
The sum using built-in function is: 357
The average is: 51.00
---------------
  0-9  : ***
 10-19 :
 20-29 :
 30-39 :
 40-49 : *
 50-59 :
 60-69 :
 70-79 :
 80-89 :
 90-100: ***

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Saat Anda meneruskan daftar, tupel, atau kamus (akan dibahas nanti) sebagai argumen ke dalam fungsi

$ Python3 grade_statistics.py
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
---------------
The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
The minimum is: 7
The minimum using built-in function is: 7
The sum is: 357
The sum using built-in function is: 357
The average is: 51.00
---------------
  0-9  : ***
 10-19 :
 20-29 :
 30-39 :
 40-49 : *
 50-59 :
 60-69 :
 70-79 :
 80-89 :
 90-100: ***

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String Formatting 2. Using str. rjust(n), str. ljust(n), str. center(n), str. zfill(n)

You can also use

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String Formatting 3 (Old Style). Using % operator

The old style (in Python 2) is to use the

Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

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Avoid using old style for formatting

Conversion between String and Number. int(), float() and str()

You can use built-in functions

$ Python3 grade_statistics.py
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
---------------
The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
The minimum is: 7
The minimum using built-in function is: 7
The sum is: 357
The sum using built-in function is: 357
The average is: 51.00
---------------
  0-9  : ***
 10-19 :
 20-29 :
 30-39 :
 40-49 : *
 50-59 :
 60-69 :
 70-79 :
 80-89 :
 90-100: ***

Enter a number: 123456789
123456789 is a magic number
123456789 is a magic number

Enter a number: 123456789
123456789 is a magic number
123456789 is a magic number

Concatenate a String and a Number?

You CANNOT concatenate a string and a number (which results in

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Enter a number: 123456789
123456789 is a magic number
123456789 is a magic number

$ Python3 grade_statistics.py
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
---------------
The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
The minimum is: 7
The minimum using built-in function is: 7
The sum is: 357
The sum using built-in function is: 357
The average is: 51.00
---------------
  0-9  : ***
 10-19 :
 20-29 :
 30-39 :
 40-49 : *
 50-59 :
 60-69 :
 70-79 :
 80-89 :
 90-100: ***

The None Value

Python memberikan nilai khusus yang disebut

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

List, Tuple, Dictionary and Set

List [v1, v2,. ]

Python has a powerful built-in dynamic array called

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

• A

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  04 is enclosed by square brackets

  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
  Congratulation!
  You got it in 7 trials.

  46
• A

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  04 can contain items of different types. It is because Python associates types to objects, not variables
• A

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  04 grows and shrinks in size automatically (dynamically). You do not have to specify its size during initialization
• A

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  04 is mutable. You can update its contents

Built-in Functions and Operators for list

A

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

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  11 functions such as

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• built-in

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  11 functions for

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  04 of numbers such as

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  88,

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  90
• built-in operators such as

  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  2 (contains),

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  0 (concatenation) and

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  2 (repetition),

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  35,

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  96 (slicing)

Notes

• You can index the items from the front with positive index, or from the back with negative index. E. g. , if

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  05 is a list,

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  98 and

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  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  00 and

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  01 refer to the last and second-to-last items
• You can also refer to a sub-list (or slice) using slice notation

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  02 (from index

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  23 size)

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# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

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Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

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# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Sebagai contoh,

Appending Items to a list

Copying a list

list-Specific Member Functions

The

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

$ Python3 grade_statistics.py
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
---------------
The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
The minimum is: 7
The minimum using built-in function is: 7
The sum is: 357
The sum using built-in function is: 357
The average is: 51.00
---------------
  0-9  : ***
 10-19 :
 20-29 :
 30-39 :
 40-49 : *
 50-59 :
 60-69 :
 70-79 :
 80-89 :
 90-100: ***

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  05

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  23. return the index of the first occurrence of

  $ Python3 grade_statistics.py
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
  invalid grade, try again...
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
  invalid grade, try again...
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
  ---------------
  The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
  The minimum is: 7
  The minimum using built-in function is: 7
  The sum is: 357
  The sum using built-in function is: 357
  The average is: 51.00
  ---------------
    0-9  : ***
   10-19 :
   20-29 :
   30-39 :
   40-49 : *
   50-59 :
   60-69 :
   70-79 :
   80-89 :
   90-100: ***

  19; or error

• Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  25. append the given

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  26 behind the

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  05 and return

  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
  Congratulation!
  You got it in 7 trials.

  66; same as slicing operation

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  29

• Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  30. append the given list

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  31 behind the

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  05 and return

  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
  Congratulation!
  You got it in 7 trials.

  66; same as slicing operation

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  34

• Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  35. insert the given

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  26 before the

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  37 and return

  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
  Congratulation!
  You got it in 7 trials.

  66. Hence,

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  39 inserts before the first item of the

  $ Python3 grade_statistics.py
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
  invalid grade, try again...
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
  invalid grade, try again...
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
  ---------------
  The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
  The minimum is: 7
  The minimum using built-in function is: 7
  The sum is: 357
  The sum using built-in function is: 357
  The average is: 51.00
  ---------------
    0-9  : ***
   10-19 :
   20-29 :
   30-39 :
   40-49 : *
   50-59 :
   60-69 :
   70-79 :
   80-89 :
   90-100: ***

  20;

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  41 inserts at the end of the

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  05 which is the same as

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  25

• Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  44. remove the first occurrence of

  $ Python3 grade_statistics.py
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
  invalid grade, try again...
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
  invalid grade, try again...
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
  ---------------
  The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
  The minimum is: 7
  The minimum using built-in function is: 7
  The sum is: 357
  The sum using built-in function is: 357
  The average is: 51.00
  ---------------
    0-9  : ***
   10-19 :
   20-29 :
   30-39 :
   40-49 : *
   50-59 :
   60-69 :
   70-79 :
   80-89 :
   90-100: ***

  19 from the

  $ Python3 grade_statistics.py
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
  invalid grade, try again...
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
  invalid grade, try again...
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
  ---------------
  The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
  The minimum is: 7
  The minimum using built-in function is: 7
  The sum is: 357
  The sum using built-in function is: 357
  The average is: 51.00
  ---------------
    0-9  : ***
   10-19 :
   20-29 :
   30-39 :
   40-49 : *
   50-59 :
   60-69 :
   70-79 :
   80-89 :
   90-100: ***

  20 and return

  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
  Congratulation!
  You got it in 7 trials.

  66; or error

• Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  48. remove and return the last item of the

  $ Python3 grade_statistics.py
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
  invalid grade, try again...
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
  invalid grade, try again...
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
  ---------------
  The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
  The minimum is: 7
  The minimum using built-in function is: 7
  The sum is: 357
  The sum using built-in function is: 357
  The average is: 51.00
  ---------------
    0-9  : ***
   10-19 :
   20-29 :
   30-39 :
   40-49 : *
   50-59 :
   60-69 :
   70-79 :
   80-89 :
   90-100: ***

  20

• Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  50. remove and return the indexed item of the

  $ Python3 grade_statistics.py
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
  invalid grade, try again...
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
  invalid grade, try again...
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
  ---------------
  The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
  The minimum is: 7
  The minimum using built-in function is: 7
  The sum is: 357
  The sum using built-in function is: 357
  The average is: 51.00
  ---------------
    0-9  : ***
   10-19 :
   20-29 :
   30-39 :
   40-49 : *
   50-59 :
   60-69 :
   70-79 :
   80-89 :
   90-100: ***

  20

• Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  52. remove all the items from the

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  05 and return

  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
  Congratulation!
  You got it in 7 trials.

  66; same as operator

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  55

• Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  56. mengembalikan kejadian

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  _26

• Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  58. reverse the

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  05 in place and return

  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
  Congratulation!
  You got it in 7 trials.

  66

• Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  61. sort the

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  05 in place and return

  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
  Congratulation!
  You got it in 7 trials.

  66

• Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  _64. return a copy of

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  05; same as

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  66

Recall that

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Using list as a last-in-first-out Stack

Untuk menggunakan

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

Menggunakan daftar sebagai Antrian masuk pertama keluar pertama

Untuk menggunakan

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

Namun,

Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

Tupel (v1, v2,. )

Tuple mirip dengan daftar kecuali tidak dapat diubah (seperti string). Hence, tuple is more efficient than list. A tuple consists of items separated by commas, enclosed in parentheses

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

An one-item tuple needs a comma to differentiate from parentheses

The parentheses are actually optional, but recommended for readability. Nevertheless, the commas are mandatory. For example,

You can operate on tuples using (supposing that

Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

• built-in functions such as

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  79;
• built-in functions for tuple of numbers such as

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  80,

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  81 and

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  82;
• operators such as

  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  2,

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  0 and

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  2; and

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  14's member functions such as

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  87,

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  88, etc

Conversion between List and Tuple

You can covert a list to a tuple using built-in function

Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

Dictionary {k1. v1, k2. v2,. }

Python's built-in dictionary type supports key-value pairs (also known as name-value pairs, associative array, or mappings)

• A dictionary is enclosed by a pair of curly braces

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  8. The key and value are separated by a colon (

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  67), in the form of

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  15
• Unlike list and tuple, which index items using an integer index 0, 1, 2, 3,. , dictionary can be indexed using any key type, including number, string or other types
• Dictionary is mutable

Dictionary-Specific Member Functions

The

Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

• Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  97

• Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  _98,

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  99,

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  04. merge the given dictionary

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  05 into

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  95. Override the value if key exists, else, add new key-value

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  07

For Examples,

Set {k1, k2,. }

A set is an unordered, non-duplicate collection of objects. A set is delimited by curly braces

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Sebagai contoh,

Set-Specific Operators (

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09,

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

01,

Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

1,

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

74)

Python supports set operators

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Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Sequence Types. list, tuple, str

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

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# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

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# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

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# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

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$ Python3 grade_statistics.py
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
---------------
The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
The minimum is: 7
The minimum using built-in function is: 7
The sum is: 357
The sum using built-in function is: 357
The average is: 51.00
---------------
  0-9  : ***
 10-19 :
 20-29 :
 30-39 :
 40-49 : *
 50-59 :
 60-69 :
 70-79 :
 80-89 :
 90-100: ***

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For mutable sequences (

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

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# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

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$ Python3 grade_statistics.py
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
---------------
The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
The minimum is: 7
The minimum using built-in function is: 7
The sum is: 357
The sum using built-in function is: 357
The average is: 51.00
---------------
  0-9  : ***
 10-19 :
 20-29 :
 30-39 :
 40-49 : *
 50-59 :
 60-69 :
 70-79 :
 80-89 :
 90-100: ***

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Others

Deque

[MELAKUKAN]

Tumpukan

[MELAKUKAN]

Flow Control Constructs

Conditional if-elif-else

The syntax is as follows. The

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

For example

There is no

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Comparison and Logical Operators

Python supports these comparison (relational) operators, which return a

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  7 (tidak sama dengan),

  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  0 (lebih besar dari),

  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  1 (lebih besar dari atau sama dengan). (Ini sama dengan C/C++/Java. )

• Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  2,

  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  3. Check if an item is. tidak berurutan (list, tuple, string, set, dll)

• Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  4,

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  75. Check if two variables have the same reference

Python supports these logical (boolean) operators.

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Chain Comparison v1 < x < v2

Python supports chain comparison in the form of

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Comparing Sequences

The comparison operators (such as

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In comparing sequences, the first items from both sequences are compared. If they differ the outcome is decided. Otherwise, the next items are compared, and so on

Shorthand if-else (or Conditional Expression)

The syntax is

Sebagai contoh,

$ Python3 grade_statistics.py
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
---------------
The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
The minimum is: 7
The minimum using built-in function is: 7
The sum is: 357
The sum using built-in function is: 357
The average is: 51.00
---------------
  0-9  : ***
 10-19 :
 20-29 :
 30-39 :
 40-49 : *
 50-59 :
 60-69 :
 70-79 :
 80-89 :
 90-100: ***

Note. Python does not use "

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# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

The while loop

The syntax is as follows

The

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Sebagai contoh,

break, continue, pass and loop-else

The

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

The

$ Python3 grade_statistics.py
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
---------------
The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
The minimum is: 7
The minimum using built-in function is: 7
The sum is: 357
The sum using built-in function is: 357
The average is: 51.00
---------------
  0-9  : ***
 10-19 :
 20-29 :
 30-39 :
 40-49 : *
 50-59 :
 60-69 :
 70-79 :
 80-89 :
 90-100: ***

Blok loop-

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Examples. [TODO]

Using Assignment in while-loop's Test?

In many programming languages, assignment can be part of an expression, which return a value. It can be used in

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Python issues a syntax error at the assignment operator. In Python, you cannot use assignment operator in an expression

You could do either of the followings

The for-in loop

The

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

You shall read it as "for each item in the sequence. ". Again, the

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Iterasi melalui Urutan

Iterating through a Sequence (String, List, Tuple, Dictionary, Set) using for-in Loop

The

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

for(;;) Loop

Python does NOT support the C/C++/Java-like

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Take note that you cannot use the "

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Manually creating the index list is not practical. You can use the

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

The range() Built-in Function

The

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

• Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  04 produces integers from

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  95 to

  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  06;

• Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  07 produces integers from

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  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  06;

• Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  10 produces integers from

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  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  06 in step of

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Sebagai contoh,

Using else-clause in Loop

Recall that the

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Iterating through a Sequence of Sequences

A sequence (such as list, tuple) can contain sequences. For example,

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Iterating through a Dictionary

There are a few ways to iterate through an dictionary

The iter() and next() Built-in Functions

The built-in function

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

The reversed() Built-in Function

Untuk mengulangi urutan dalam urutan terbalik, terapkan fungsi

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Fungsi Bawaan enumerate()

You can use the built-in function

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Multiple Sequences and the zip() Built-in Function

To loop over two or more sequences concurrently, you can pair the entries with the

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Pemahaman untuk Menghasilkan Daftar, Kamus, dan Set yang Dapat Diubah

Pemahaman daftar menyediakan cara ringkas untuk menghasilkan daftar baru. Sintaksnya adalah

Sebagai contoh,

Demikian pula, Anda dapat membuat kamus dan mengatur (urutan yang dapat diubah) melalui pemahaman. For example,

Pemahaman tidak dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan

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Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Konvensi Penamaan dan Gaya Pengkodean (PEP8 vs PEP 257)

Naming Conventions

These are the recommended naming conventions in Python

• Variable names. use a noun in lowercase words (optionally joined with underscore if it improves readability), e. g. ,

  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  26
• Function names. use a verb in lowercase words (optionally joined with underscore if it improves readability), e. g. ,

  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  27 or

  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  28
• Class names. use a noun in camel-case (initial-cap all words), e. g. ,

  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  29,

  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  30,

  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  31
• Constant names. use a noun in uppercase words joined with underscore, e. g. ,

  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  32,

  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  33

Coding Styles

Read

The recommended styles are

• Use 4 spaces for indentation. Jangan gunakan Tab
• Lines shall not exceed 79 characters
• Use blank lines to separate functions and classes
• Use a space before and after an operator
• [TODO] more

Functions

Syntax

In Python, you define a function via the keyword

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

The syntax is

Contoh 1

Perhatikan bahwa Anda perlu mendefinisikan fungsi sebelum menggunakannya, karena Python bersifat interpretatif

Contoh 2

Contoh 3. Fungsi doc-string

Contoh ini menguraikan string-doc fungsi

• Baris pertama "

  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  _36" menentukan jenis argumen dan nilai pengembalian. Python tidak melakukan pemeriksaan tipe pada fungsi, dan baris ini hanya berfungsi sebagai dokumentasi
• Baris kedua memberikan deskripsi
• Contoh pemanggilan fungsi ikuti. Anda dapat menggunakan modul

  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  _37 untuk melakukan pengujian unit untuk fungsi ini berdasarkan contoh-contoh ini (untuk dijelaskan di bagian "Uji Unit"

Pernyataan lulus

Pernyataan

$ Python3 grade_statistics.py
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
---------------
The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
The minimum is: 7
The minimum using built-in function is: 7
The sum is: 357
The sum using built-in function is: 357
The average is: 51.00
---------------
  0-9  : ***
 10-19 :
 20-29 :
 30-39 :
 40-49 : *
 50-59 :
 60-69 :
 70-79 :
 80-89 :
 90-100: ***

Parameter dan Argumen Fungsi

Melewati Argumen berdasarkan Nilai vs. oleh Referensi

Dengan Python

• Argumen yang tidak dapat diubah (seperti bilangan bulat, pelampung, string, dan tupel) diteruskan oleh nilai. Artinya, salinan dikloning dan diteruskan ke fungsi. Asli tidak dapat dimodifikasi di dalam fungsi
• Argumen yang dapat diubah (seperti daftar, kamus, set, dan instance kelas) diteruskan dengan referensi. Artinya, mereka dapat dimodifikasi di dalam fungsi

Sebagai contoh,

Parameter Fungsi dengan Nilai Default

Anda dapat menetapkan nilai default ke parameter fungsi "tertinggal". Parameter tambahan yang memiliki nilai default ini bersifat opsional selama pemanggilan. Sebagai contoh,

Contoh lain,

Alih-alih melakukan hard-coding pada

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Argumen Posisi dan Kata Kunci

Fungsi Python mendukung argumen posisi dan kata kunci (atau bernama).

Biasanya, Python meneruskan argumen berdasarkan posisi dari kiri ke kanan, i. e. , posisional, seperti C/C++/Java. Python juga memungkinkan Anda untuk menyampaikan argumen dengan kata kunci (atau nama) dalam bentuk

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

You can also mix the positional arguments and keyword arguments, but you need to place the positional arguments first, as shown in the above examples

Variable Number of Positional Parameters (*args)

Python supports variable (arbitrary) number of arguments. In the function definition, you can use

Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

Python supports placing

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Unpacking List/Tuple into Positional Arguments (*lst, *tuple)

In the reverse situation when the arguments are already in a list/tuple, you can also use

Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

Variable Number of Keyword Parameters (**kwargs)

For keyword parameters, you can use

Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

Membongkar Kamus ke Argumen Kata Kunci (**dict)

Similarly, you can also use ** to unpack a dictionary into individual keyword arguments

Using both *args and **kwargs

You can use both

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Function Overloading

Python does NOT support Function Overloading like Java/C++ (where the same function name can have different versions differentiated by their parameters)

Function Return Values

You can return multiple values from a Python function, e. g. ,

It seems that Python function can return multiple values. In fact, a tuple that packs all the return values is returned

Recall that a tuple is actually formed through the commas, not the parentheses, e. g. ,

Types Hints via Function Annotations

From Python 3. 5, you can provide type hints via function annotations in the form of

The type hints annotations are usually ignored, and merely serves as documentation. But there are external library that can perform the type check

Membaca. "PEP 484 -- Type Hints"

Modules, Import-Statement and Packages

Modules

A Python module is a file containing Python codes - including statements, variables, functions and classes. It shall be saved with file extension of "

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

By convention, modules names shall be short and all-lowercase (optionally joined with underscores if it improves readability)

A module typically begins with a triple-double-quoted documentation string (doc-string) (available in

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Example. The greet Module

Create a module called

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

This

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

The import statement

To use an external module in your script, use the

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Once

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

For example, to use the

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

The import statements should be grouped in this order

1. Python's standard library
2. Third party libraries
3. Local application libraries

The from-import Statement

The syntax is

With the

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Sebagai contoh,

import vs. from-import

The

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

For example, let create the following module called

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Let's try out

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Now, try the

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Conditional Import

Python supports conditional import too. For example,

sys. path and PYTHONPATH/PATH environment variables

The environment variable

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

The Python module search path is maintained in a Python variable

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

$ Python3 grade_statistics.py
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
---------------
The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
The minimum is: 7
The minimum using built-in function is: 7
The sum is: 357
The sum using built-in function is: 357
The average is: 51.00
---------------
  0-9  : ***
 10-19 :
 20-29 :
 30-39 :
 40-49 : *
 50-59 :
 60-69 :
 70-79 :
 80-89 :
 90-100: ***

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Sebagai contoh,

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

The imported modules must be available in one of the

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

To show the

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Reloading Module using imp. reload() or importlib. reload()

If you modify a module, you can use

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

NOTE. Since Python 3. 4, the

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Template for Python Standalone Module

The following is a template of standalone module for performing a specific task

When you execute a Python module (via the Python Interpreter), the

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Example. [TODO]

Packages

A module contains attributes (such as variables, functions and classes). Relevant modules (kept in the same directory) can be grouped into a package. Python also supports sub-packages (in sub-directories). Packages and sub-packages are a way of organizing Python's module namespace by using "dotted names" notation, in the form of

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

To create a Python package

1. Create a directory and named it your package's name
2. Put your modules in it
3. Create a

   Enter a binary string: 1011001110
   The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
   The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

   95 file in the directory

The

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

If

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Without the

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Atribut di '__init__. py'

The

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

The attributes of the

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Sub-Packages

A package can contain sub-packages too. For example,

Clearly, the package's dot structure corresponds to the directory structure

Relative from-import

In the

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Take note that in Python, you write

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Circular Import Problem

[MELAKUKAN]

Advanced Functions and Namespaces

Local Variables vs. Global Variables

Names created inside a function (i. e. within

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Names created outside all functions are global to that particular module (or file), but not available to the other modules. Global variables are available inside all the functions defined in the module. Global-scope in Python is equivalent to module-scope or file-scope. There is NO all-module-scope in Python

Sebagai contoh,

Function Variables (Variables of Function Object)

In Python, a variable takes a value or object (such as

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A variable in Python can hold anything, a value, a function or an object

In Python, you can also assign a specific invocation of a function to a variable. For example,

Nested Functions

Python supports nested functions, i. e. , defining a function inside a function. For example,

Keluaran yang diharapkan adalah

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Take note that the inner function has read-access to all the attributes of the enclosing outer function, and the global variable of this module

Lambda Function (Anonymous Function)

Lambda functions are anonymous function or un-named function. They are used to inline a function definition, or to defer execution of certain codes. The syntax is

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Sebagai contoh,

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Fungsi Lambda, seperti fungsi biasa, dapat memiliki nilai default untuk parameternya

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

More usages for lambda function will be shown later

Multiple Statements?

Take note that the body of a lambda function is an one-liner

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Functions are Objects

In Python, functions are objects (like instances of a class). Like any object,

1. a function can be assigned to a variable;
2. a function can be passed into a function as an argument; and
3. a function can be the return value of a function, i. e. , a function can return a function

Example. Passing a Function Object as a Function Argument

A function name is a variable name that can be passed into another function as argument

Example. Returning an Inner Function object from an Outer Function

Example. Returning a Lambda Function

Function Closure

In the above example,

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When we assign

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

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# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

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This problem is resolved via so called Function Closure. A closure is an inner function that is passed outside the enclosing function, to be used elsewhere. In brief, the inner function creates a closure (enclosure) for its enclosing namespaces at definition time. Hence, in

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Pemrograman Fungsional. Using Lambda Function in filter(), map(), reduce() and Comprehension

Instead of using a

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  040. Return an

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  041 yielding those

  Enter a hex string: 1abcd
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
  The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

  26s of

  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  17 for which

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  044 is

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  5. For example,

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  046. Apply (or Map or Transform) the function func on each item of the

  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  17. For example,

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  048 (in module

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  049). Apply the function of two arguments cumulatively to the items of a sequence, from left to right, so as to reduce the sequence to a single value, also known as aggregation. For example,

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  050. used frequently in big data analysis to obtain an aggregate value
• List comprehension. a one-liner to generate a list as discussed in the earlier section. e. g. ,

These mechanism replace the traditional for-loop, and express their functionality in simple function calls. It is called functional programming, i. e. , applying a series of functions (filter-map-reduce) over a collection

Decorators

In Python, a decorator is a callable (function) that takes a function as an argument and returns a replacement function. Recall that functions are objects in Python, i. e. , you can pass a function as argument, and a function can return an inner function. A decorator is a transformation of a function. It can be used to pre-process the function arguments before passing them into the actual function; or extending the behavior of functions that you don't want to modify, such as ascertain that the user has login and has the necessary permissions

Example. Decorating an 1-argument Function

Notes

1. The decorator

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   051 takes a 1-argument function as its argument, and returns an replacement 1-argument function

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   052, with its argument

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   10 clamped to

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   054, before applying the original function
2. In

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   055, we decorate the

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   056 function and assign the decorated (replacement) function to the same function name (confusing?. ). After the decoration, the

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   056 takes on a new decorated life

Example. Using the @ symbol

Using

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

For Java programmers, do not confuse the Python decorator

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Example. Decorator with an Arbitrary Number of Function Arguments

The above example only work for one-argument function. You can use

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

We can also modify our earlier

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

The @wraps Decorator

Decorator can be hard to debug. This is because it wraps around and replaces the original function and hides variables like

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Example. Passing Arguments into Decorators

Let's modify the earlier

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

The decorator

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Confused?. Python has many fancy features that is not available in traditional languages like C/C++/Java

Namespace

Names, Namespaces and Scope

In Python, a name is roughly analogous to a variable in other languages but with some extras. Because of the dynamic nature of Python, a name is applicable to almost everything, including variable, function, class/instance, module/package

Names defined inside a function are local. Names defined outside all functions are global for that module, and are accessible by all functions inside the module (i. e. , module-global scope). There is no all-module-global scope in Python

A namespace is a collection of names (i. e. , a space of names)

A scope refers to the portion of a program from where a names can be accessed without a qualifying prefix. For example, a local variable defined inside a function has local scope (i. e. , it is available within the function, and NOT available outside the function)

Each Module has a Global Namespace

A module is a file containing attributes (such as variables, functions and classes). Each module has its own global namespace. Hence, you cannot define two functions or classes of the same name within a module. But you can define functions of the same name in different modules, as the namespaces are isolated

When you launch the interactive shell, Python creates a module called

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Saat Anda mengimpor modul melalui

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Namun, jika Anda mengimpor atribut melalui

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

Di sisi lain, ketika Anda mengimpor modul di dalam modul lain (bukan shell interaktif),

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Fungsi bawaan disimpan dalam modul yang disebut

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Fungsi bawaan globals(), locals() dan dir()

Anda dapat mencantumkan nama lingkup saat ini melalui fungsi bawaan ini

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  _091. mengembalikan kamus (pasangan nama-nilai) yang berisi variabel global lingkup saat ini

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  _092. return a dictionary (name-value pairs) containing the current scope's local variables. If

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  092 is issued in global scope, it returns the same outputs as

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  091

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  095. return a list of local names in the current scope, which is equivalent to

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  096

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  097. return a list of the local names for the given object

Sebagai contoh,

To show the difference between locals and globals, we need to define a function to create a local scope. For example,

More on Module's Global Namespace

Let's create two modules.

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Let's import

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Take note that the interpreter's current scope

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Now, let run

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

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Take note that the current scope's

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Name Resolution

When you ask for a name (variable), says

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1. L. Local namespace which is specific to the current function
2. E. for nested function, the Enclosing function's namespace
3. G. Global namespace for the current module
4. B. Built-in namespace for all the modules

If

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# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Modifying Global Variables inside a Function

Recall that names created inside a function are local, while names created outside all functions are global for that module. You can "read" the global variables inside all functions defined in that module. For example,

If you assign a value to a name inside a function, a local name is created, which hides the global name. For example,

To modify a global variable inside a function, you need to use a

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

For nested functions, you need to use the

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

To modify a global variable inside a nested function, declare it via

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

In summary,

1. The order for name resolution (for names inside a function) is. local, enclosing function for nested

   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
   Congratulation!
   You got it in 7 trials.

   55, global, and then the built-in namespaces (i. e. , LEGB)
2. However, if you assign a new value to a name, a local name is created, which hides the global name
3. You need to declare via

   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
   Congratulation!
   You got it in 7 trials.

   83 statement to modify globals inside the function. Similarly, you need to declare via

   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
   Congratulation!
   You got it in 7 trials.

   84 statement to modify enclosing local names inside the nested function

More on global Statement

The

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

In the above example, we modify the contents of the array. The

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

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In the above example, we are modifying the reference to the variable.

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Built-in Namespace

The built-in namespace is defined in the

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

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$ Python3 grade_statistics.py
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
---------------
The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
The minimum is: 7
The minimum using built-in function is: 7
The sum is: 357
The sum using built-in function is: 357
The average is: 51.00
---------------
  0-9  : ***
 10-19 :
 20-29 :
 30-39 :
 40-49 : *
 50-59 :
 60-69 :
 70-79 :
 80-89 :
 90-100: ***

Enter a number: 123456789
123456789 is a magic number
123456789 is a magic number

Enter a number: 123456789
123456789 is a magic number
123456789 is a magic number

Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

[MELAKUKAN]

del Statement

You can use

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

If you override a built-in function, you could also use

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Assertion and Exception Handling

menegaskan Pernyataan

Anda dapat menggunakan pernyataan

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

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# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

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Sebagai contoh,

Pernyataan selalu dieksekusi dengan Python

Syntax

Sintaks untuk

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

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Jika

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

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Pengecualian

Di Python, kesalahan yang terdeteksi selama eksekusi disebut pengecualian. Sebagai contoh,

Setiap kali pengecualian dimunculkan, program berhenti secara tiba-tiba

coba-kecuali-lain-akhirnya

Anda dapat menggunakan

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Contoh 1. Menangani Indeks di luar jangkauan untuk Akses Daftar

Keluaran yang diharapkan adalah

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Proses penanganan pengecualian untuk

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

1. Python menjalankan pernyataan di blok ________139______91
2. Jika tidak ada pengecualian yang muncul di semua pernyataan blok

   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
   Congratulation!
   You got it in 7 trials.

   91, semua blok

   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
   Congratulation!
   You got it in 7 trials.

   92 dilewati, dan program berlanjut ke pernyataan berikutnya setelah pernyataan

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   162
3. Namun, jika pengecualian muncul di salah satu pernyataan di blok

   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
   Congratulation!
   You got it in 7 trials.

   91, blok

   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
   Congratulation!
   You got it in 7 trials.

   91 lainnya akan dilewati. Pengecualian cocok dengan

   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
   Congratulation!
   You got it in 7 trials.

   92-blok. Blok

   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
   Congratulation!
   You got it in 7 trials.

   _92 pertama yang cocok akan dieksekusi. Program kemudian melanjutkan ke pernyataan berikutnya setelah pernyataan

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   162, bukannya berhenti secara tiba-tiba. Namun demikian, jika tidak ada

   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
   Congratulation!
   You got it in 7 trials.

   _92-blok yang cocok, program berhenti tiba-tiba
4. The

   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
   Congratulation!
   You got it in 7 trials.

   72-block will be executable if no exception is raised
5. The

   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
   Try lower...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
   Try higher...
   Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
   Congratulation!
   You got it in 7 trials.

   93-block is always executed for doing house-keeping tasks such as closing the file and releasing the resources, regardless of whether an exception has been raised

Syntax

The syntax for

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

The

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

CAUTION. Python 2 uses older syntax of "

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Example 2. Input Validation

raise Statement

You can manually raise an exception via the

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

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The syntax is

A

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Built-in Exceptions

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  180,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  181,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  182. base classes

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  183. for

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  184,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  185,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  186

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  187

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  188. for

  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  30,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  190

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  191. for

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  192,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  193
• [TODO] more

User-defined Exception

You can defined your own exception by sub-classing the

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Example

with-as Statement and Context Managers

The syntax of the

$ Python3 grade_statistics.py
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
---------------
The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
The minimum is: 7
The minimum using built-in function is: 7
The sum is: 357
The sum using built-in function is: 357
The average is: 51.00
---------------
  0-9  : ***
 10-19 :
 20-29 :
 30-39 :
 40-49 : *
 50-59 :
 60-69 :
 70-79 :
 80-89 :
 90-100: ***

Python’s

Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
Try lower...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
Try higher...
Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
Congratulation!
You got it in 7 trials.

Contoh 1

This is equivalent to

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The with-statement's context manager acquires, uses, and releases the context (of the file) cleanly, and eliminate a bit of boilerplate

However, the

$ Python3 grade_statistics.py
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
---------------
The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
The minimum is: 7
The minimum using built-in function is: 7
The sum is: 357
The sum using built-in function is: 357
The average is: 51.00
---------------
  0-9  : ***
 10-19 :
 20-29 :
 30-39 :
 40-49 : *
 50-59 :
 60-69 :
 70-79 :
 80-89 :
 90-100: ***

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Example 2

Frequently-Used Python Standard Library Modules

Python provides a set of standard library. (Many non-standard libraries are provided by third party. )

To use a module, use

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

math and cmath Modules

The

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

• Constants.

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  205,

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  87
• Power and exponent.

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  207,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  208,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  209,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  210,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  211,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  212
• Converting

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  2 to

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  1.

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  215,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  216,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  217

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  2 operations.

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  219,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  220

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  221 (

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  222)
• Konversi antara derajat dan radian.

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  _223,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  224
• Trigonometric functions.

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  225,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  226,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  227,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  228,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  229,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  230,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  231
• Hyperbolic functions.

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  232,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  233,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  234,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  235,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  236,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  237

Sebagai contoh,

In addition, the

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

statistics Module

The

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

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random Module

The module

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Sebagai contoh,

sys Module

The module

$ Python3 grade_statistics.py
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
---------------
The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
The minimum is: 7
The minimum using built-in function is: 7
The sum is: 357
The sum using built-in function is: 357
The average is: 51.00
---------------
  0-9  : ***
 10-19 :
 20-29 :
 30-39 :
 40-49 : *
 50-59 :
 60-69 :
 70-79 :
 80-89 :
 90-100: ***

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  242. exit the program by raising the

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  243 exception. If used inside a

  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
  Congratulation!
  You got it in 7 trials.

  91, the

  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 50
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 25
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 37
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 44
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 40
  Try lower...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 38
  Try higher...
  Enter your guess (between 0 and 100): 39
  Congratulation!
  You got it in 7 trials.

  93 clause is honored. The optional argument

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  246 can be an integer (default to 0 for normal termination, or non-zero for abnormal termination); or any object (e. g. ,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  247)

• Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  78. A

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  04 of module search-paths. Initialized from the environment variable

  Enter a binary string: 1011001110
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
  The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

  80, plus installation-dependent default entries. See earlier example

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  251,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  252,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  253. standard input, output and error stream

• $ Python3 grade_statistics.py
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
  invalid grade, try again...
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
  invalid grade, try again...
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
  ---------------
  The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
  The minimum is: 7
  The minimum using built-in function is: 7
  The sum is: 357
  The sum using built-in function is: 357
  The average is: 51.00
  ---------------
    0-9  : ***
   10-19 :
   20-29 :
   30-39 :
   40-49 : *
   50-59 :
   60-69 :
   70-79 :
   80-89 :
   90-100: ***

  71. A

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  04 of command-line arguments passed into the Python script.

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  _256 adalah nama skrip. See example below

Example. Command-Line Arguments

The command-line arguments are kept in

$ Python3 grade_statistics.py
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
invalid grade, try again...
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
---------------
The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
The minimum is: 7
The minimum using built-in function is: 7
The sum is: 357
The sum using built-in function is: 357
The average is: 51.00
---------------
  0-9  : ***
 10-19 :
 20-29 :
 30-39 :
 40-49 : *
 50-59 :
 60-69 :
 70-79 :
 80-89 :
 90-100: ***

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Run the script

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logging Module

The logging module

The

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

The

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

1. # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   262. Detailed information meant for debugging

2. # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   263. Konfirmasi bahwa suatu peristiwa berlangsung seperti yang diharapkan

3. # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   _264. Something unexpected happened, but the application is still working

4. # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   _265. The application does not work as expected

5. # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   266. Serious error, the application may not be able to continue

The logging functions are

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  267. Perform basic configuration of the logging system. The keyword arguments are.

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  268,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  269 (default to append

  $ Python3 grade_statistics.py
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 9
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 999
  invalid grade, try again...
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 101
  invalid grade, try again...
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 8
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 7
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 45
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 90
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 100
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): 98
  Enter a grade between 0 and 100 (or -1 to end): -1
  ---------------
  The list is: [9, 8, 7, 45, 90, 100, 98]
  The minimum is: 7
  The minimum using built-in function is: 7
  The sum is: 357
  The sum using built-in function is: 357
  The average is: 51.00
  ---------------
    0-9  : ***
   10-19 :
   20-29 :
   30-39 :
   40-49 : *
   50-59 :
   60-69 :
   70-79 :
   80-89 :
   90-100: ***

  51),

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  271 (log this level and above), and etc

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  272,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  273,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  274,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  275,

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  276. Log the

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  277 at the specific level.

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  _278 digabungkan menjadi

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  277 menggunakan penentu pemformatan

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  280. General logging function, at the given log

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  281

Basic Logging via logging. basicConfig()

Sebagai contoh,

The logging functions support

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Enter a hex string: 1abcd
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" is: 109517
The decimal equivalent for hex "1abcd" using built-in function is: 109517

Run the script. A log file

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

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By default, the log records include the log-level and logger-name (default of

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Getting the Log Level from a Configuration File

Log levels, such as

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

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The log level is typically read from a configuration file, in the form of a descriptive string. The following example shows how to convert a string log-level (e. g. ,

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Log Record Format

To set the log message format, use the

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Enter a number: 123456789
123456789 is a magic number
123456789 is a magic number

where

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

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# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Advanced Logging. Logger, Handler, Filter and Formatter

So far, we presented the basic logging facilities. The

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

• Loggers. expose the methods to application for logging
• Handlers. send the log records created by the loggers to the appropriate destination, such as file, console (

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  253), email via SMTP, or network via HTTP/FTP
• Filters. decide which log records to output
• Formatters. specify the layout format of log records

Loggers

To create a

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

The

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

The commonly-used logging methods are.

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

The commonly-used configuration methods are

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  315

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  316 and

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  317

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  318 and

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  319

Handlers

The logging library provides handlers like

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

The commonly-used methods are

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  315. The logger's

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  315 determines which message levels to be passed to the handler; while the handler's

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  315 determines which message level to be sent to the destination

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  329. for formatting the message sent to the destination

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  318 and

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  319

You can add more than one handlers to a logger, possibly handling different log levels. For example, you can add a

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Formatters

Attach to a handler (via

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Example. Using Logger with Console Handler and a Formatter

1. There is probably no standard for log record format (unless you have an analysis tool in mind)?. But I recommend that you choose a field delimiter which does not appear in the log messages, for ease of processing of log records (e. g. , export to spreadsheet)

Keluaran yang diharapkan adalah

Enter a number: 123456789
123456789 is a magic number
123456789 is a magic number

Example. Using Rotating Log Files with RotatingFileHandler

1. We keep all the logging parameters in a dictionary, which are usually retrieved from a configuration file
2. In the constructor of

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   324, the

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   338 sets the log file size-limit; the

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   339 appends

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   340,

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   341, etc to the old log files, such that

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   340 is always the newer backup of the log file. Both

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   338 and

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   339 default to 0. If either one is zero, roll-over never occurs
3. The above example produces 4 log files.

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   345,

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   346 to

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   347. The file being written to is always

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   345. When this file is filled, it is renamed to

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   346; and if

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   346 and

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   351 exist, they will be renamed to

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   351 and

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   347 respectively, with the old

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   347 deleted

Example. Using an Email Log for CRITICAL Level and Rotating Log Files for INFO Level

Example. Separating ERROR Log and INFO Log with Different Format

ConfigParser (Python 2) or configparser (Python 3) Module

The

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

A

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

1. A configuration file consists of sections (marked by

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   358 header). A section contains

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   359 or

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   360 pairs. The leading and trailing whitespaces are trimmed from the

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   361. Lines beginning with

   Enter a number: 123456789
   123456789 is a magic number
   123456789 is a magic number

   4 or

   # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ python3 grade_statistics.py
   
   # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
   $ cd /path/to/project_directory
   $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
   $ ./grade_statistics.py

   363 are comments

You can use

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  366. read and parse from the list of filenames. It overrides the keys with each successive file, if present

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  367. get the value of

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  368 from

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  369

Interpolation with SafeConfigParser

A

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

Enter a number: 123456789
123456789 is a magic number
123456789 is a magic number

The

Enter a binary string: 1011001110
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" is: 718
The decimal equivalent for binary "1011001110" using built-in function is: 718

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

datetime Module

The

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  379. Return the current local date

smtplib and email Modules

The SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a protocol, which handles sending email and routing email between mail servers. Python provides a

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

To use

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

The

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

[TODO] more

json Module

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data interchange format inspired by JavaScript object literal syntax. The

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  384. Serialize

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  385 to a JSON-encoded string ('s' for string)

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  386. Create a Python object from the given JSON-encoded string

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  387. Serialize

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  385 to the file

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  389. Create a Python object by reading the given file

Sebagai contoh,

pickle and cPickle Modules

The

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

The

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  394. Return the pickled representation of the

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  385 as a string

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  396. Construct a Python object from

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  397

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  398. Write a pickled representation of the

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  385 to

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  400

• # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  401. Construct a Python object reading from the

  # (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ python3 grade_statistics.py
  
  # (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
  $ cd /path/to/project_directory
  $ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
  $ ./grade_statistics.py

  400

The module

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

signal module

Signals (software interrupt) are a limited form of asynchronous inter-process communication, analogous to hardware interrupts. It is generally used by the operating system to notify processes about certain issues/states/errors, like division by zero, etc

The

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

signal. signal()

The

# (All platforms) Invoke Python Interpreter to run the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ python3 grade_statistics.py

# (Unix/Mac OS/Cygwin) Set the script to executable, and execute the script
$ cd /path/to/project_directory
$ chmod u+x grade_statistics.py
$ ./grade_statistics.py

How do you rotate words in a sentence in Python?

Bagaimana Anda memutar sesuatu dengan Python?

How to rotate numbers in Python?

Apakah ada fungsi putar di Python?