Please select the methods that can be used to visualize or detect antigen-antibody reactions

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: • of interest •• of considerable interest

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Luciferase immunoprecipitation systems.

(A) DNA encoding antigens of interest are fused to Renilla luciferase (Ruc) using a mammalian plasmid expression vector and expressed in Cos-1 cells. (B) Unpurified, crude Ruc-antigen extracts are then obtained and incubated with sera. (C) The sera–Ruc-antigen mixture is transferred to a filter plate with protein A/G beads to capture Ruc-antigen complexes. (D) After washing, to remove nonspecific binding, coelenterazine substrate is added and light units are measured with a plate luminometer.

Ag: Antigen; Ruc: Renilla luciferase.