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Related articles

• Power saving
• Laptop Mode Tools
• Undervolting CPU
• PHC

CPU performance scaling enables the operating system to scale the CPU frequency up or down in order to save power or improve performance. Scaling can be done automatically in response to system load, adjust itself in response to ACPI events, or be manually changed by user space programs.

The Linux kernel offers CPU performance scaling via the CPUFreq subsystem, which defines two layers of abstraction:

• Scaling governors implement the algorithms to compute the desired CPU frequency, potentially based off of the system's needs.
• Scaling drivers interact with the CPU directly, enacting the desired frequencies that the current governor is requesting.

A default scaling driver and governor are selected automatically, but userspace tools like cpupower, acpid, Laptop Mode Tools, or GUI tools provided for your desktop environment, may still be used for advanced configuration.

thermald

thermald is a Linux daemon used to prevent the overheating of Intel CPUs. This daemon proactively controls thermal parameters using P-states, T-states, and the Intel power clamp driver. thermald can also be used for older Intel CPUs. If the latest drivers are not available, then the daemon will revert to x86 model specific registers and the Linux "cpufreq subsystem" to control system cooling.

By default, it monitors CPU temperature using available CPU digital temperature sensors and maintains CPU temperature under control, before hardware takes aggressive correction action. If there is a skin temperature sensor in thermal sysfs, then it tries to keep skin temperature under 45C.

The associated systemd unit is thermald.service, which should be started and enabled.

i7z

i7z is an i7 (and now i3, i5, i7, i9) CPU reporting tool for Linux. It can be launched from a Terminal with the command i7z or as GUI with i7z-gui.

turbostat

turbostat can display the frequency, power consumption, idle status and other statistics of the modern Intel and AMD CPUs.

cpupower

cpupower is a set of userspace utilities designed to assist with CPU frequency scaling. The package is not required to use scaling, but is highly recommended because it provides useful command-line utilities and a systemd service to change the governor at boot.

The configuration file for cpupower is located in /etc/default/cpupower. This configuration file is read by a bash script in /usr/lib/systemd/scripts/cpupower which is activated by systemd with cpupower.service. You may want to enable cpupower.service to start at boot.

cpupower-gui

cpupower-guiAUR is a graphical utility designed to assist with CPU frequency scaling. The GUI is based on GTK and is meant to provide the same options as cpupower. cpupower-gui can change the maximum/minimum CPU frequency and governor for each core. The application handles privilege granting through polkit and allows any logged-in user in the wheel user group to change the frequency and governor.

power-profiles-daemon

The powerprofilesctl command-line tool from power-profiles-daemon handles power profiles (e.g. balanced, power-saver, performance) through the power-profiles-daemon service. GNOME and KDE also provide graphical interfaces for profile switching; see the following:

• GNOME#Power modes
• KDE#Power management

See the project's README for more information on usage, use cases, and comparisons with similar projects.

Start/enable the power-profiles-daemon service. Note that when powerprofilesctl is launched, it also attempts to start the service (see the unit status of dbus.service).

Note: power-profiles-daemon conflicts with other power management services such as TLP, tunedAUR and system76-powerAUR. To use one of the aforementioned services instead without uninstalling power-profiles-daemon (due to its potential status as a dependency), disable the power-profiles-daemon service by masking it (see also [1], [2]).

Scaling drivers

Scaling drivers implement the CPU-specific details of setting frequencies specified by the governor. Strictly speaking, the ACPI standard requires power-performance states (P-states) that start at P0, and becoming decreasingly performant. This functionality is called SpeedStep on Intel, and PowerNow! on AMD.

In practice, though, processors provide methods for specifying specific frequencies rather than being restricted to fixed P-states, which the scaling drivers handle.

Note:

• The native CPU module is loaded automatically.
• The intel_pstate CPU power scaling driver is used automatically for modern Intel CPUs instead of the other drivers below. This driver takes priority over other drivers and is built-in as opposed to being a module. This driver is currently automatically used for Sandy Bridge and newer CPUs. The intel_pstate may ignore the BIOS P-State settings. intel_pstate may run in "passive mode" via the intel_cpufreq driver for older CPUs. If you encounter a problem while using this driver, add intel_pstate=disable to your kernel line in order to revert to using the acpi-cpufreq driver.

cpupower requires modules to know the limits of the native CPU:

To see a full list of available modules, run:

Load the appropriate module (see Kernel modules for details). Once the appropriate cpufreq driver is loaded, detailed information about the CPU(s) can be displayed by running

Setting maximum and minimum frequencies

In some cases, it may be necessary to manually set maximum and minimum frequencies.

To set the maximum clock frequency (clock_freq is a clock frequency with units: GHz, MHz):

To set the minimum clock frequency:

To set the CPU to run at a specified frequency:

Note:

• To adjust for only a single CPU core, append -c core_number.
• The governor, maximum and minimum frequencies can be set in /etc/default/cpupower.

Alternatively, you can set the frequency manually:

The available values can be found in /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_available_frequencies or similar. [3]

Configuring frequency boosting

Some processors support raising their frequency above the normal maximum for a short burst of time, under appropriate thermal conditions. On Intel processors, this is called Turbo Boost, and on AMD processors this is called Turbo-Core.

Setting via sysfs (intel_pstate)

intel_pstate has a driver-specific interface for prohibiting the processor from entering turbo P-States:

Setting via sysfs (Other scaling drivers)

For scaling drivers other than intel_pstate, if the driver supports boosting then the /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/boost attribute will be present, and can be used to disable/enable boosting:

Setting via x86_energy_perf_policy

On Intel processors, x86_energy_perf_policy can also be used to configure Turbo Boost:

Scaling governors

Scaling governors are power schemes determining the desired frequency for the CPU. Some request a constant frequency, others implement algorithms to dynamically adjust according to the system load. The governors included in the kernel are:

Reason: There is /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_available_governors which contains performance powersave when the intel_pstate driver is used. The note from [4] was probably more accurate. Also the "active mode" of intel_pstate is not described anywhere. (Discuss in Talk:CPU frequency scaling)

Note: Each governor is compatible with any scaling driver. However, the intel_pstate scaling driver in active mode will bypass the governor, rendering this section inapplicable.

Depending on the scaling driver, one of these governors will be loaded by default:

• powersave for Intel CPUs using the intel_pstate driver (Sandy Bridge and newer).
• powersave (for Linux < 5.10) or schedutil (since Linux 5.10) for CPUs using the acpi-cpufreq driver.

Warning: Use CPU monitoring tools (for temperatures, voltage, etc.) when changing the default governor.

To activate a particular governor, run:

Note:

• To adjust for only a single CPU core, append -c core_number to the command above.
• Activating a governor requires that specific kernel module (named cpufreq_governor) is loaded. As of kernel 3.4, these modules are loaded automatically.

Alternatively, you can activate a governor on every available CPU manually:

where governor is the name of the governor, mentioned in the above table, that you want to activate.

Tip: To monitor cpu speed in real time, run: $ watch cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu[0-9]*/cpufreq/scaling_cur_freq

Tuning the ondemand governor

See the kernel documentation for details.

Switching threshold

To set the threshold for stepping up to another frequency:

To set the threshold for stepping down to another frequency:

Sampling rate

The sampling rate determines how frequently the governor checks to tune the CPU. sampling_down_factor is a tunable that multiplies the sampling rate when the CPU is at its highest clock frequency thereby delaying load evaluation and improving performance. Allowed values for sampling_down_factor are 1 to 100000. This tunable has no effect on behavior at lower CPU frequencies/loads.

To read the value (default = 1), run:

To set the value, run:

Make changes permanent

To have the desired scaling enabled at boot, kernel module options and systemd-tmpfiles are regular methods.

For example, changing the up_threshold to 10:

However, as noted in systemd-tmpfiles, in some cases race conditions may exist and one can use udev to avoid them. For example:

To have the rule already applied in the initramfs, add the file to your mkinitcpio.conf, like in a different example in udev#Debug output.

Tip:

• Since Linux 5.9, it is possible to set the cpufreq.default_governor kernel option.[7]
• Alternatively, configure the cpupower utility and enable its systemd service.

Intel performance and energy bias hint

The Intel performance and energy bias hint (EPB) is an interface provided by Intel CPUs to allow for user space to specify the desired power-performance tradeoff, on a scale of 0 (highest performance) to 15 (highest energy savings). The EPB register is another layer of performance management functioning independently from frequency scaling. It influences how aggressive P-state and C-state selection will be, and informs internal model-specific decision making that affects energy consumption.

Common values and their aliases, as recognized by sysfs and x86_energy_perf_policy are:

Setting via sysfs

The EPB can be set using a sysfs attribute:

Setting via x86_energy_perf_policy

With x86_energy_perf_policy:

Setting via cpupower

With cpupower:

Warning: cpupower does not support the string aliases. If given a string, it will silently set the EPB to 0, corresponding to max performance.

Other x86 Energy Flags

Enable Hardware P-States with x86_energy_perf_policy:

Set "default" policy:

The changes are temporary. See x86_energy_perf_policy(8) for more info.

CPU idle driver

The intel_idle CPU idle driver is used automatically for modern Intel CPUs instead of the acpi_idle driver. This driver is currently automatically used for Sandy Bridge and newer CPUs. The intel_idle may ignore the BIOS C-State settings. If you encounter a problem while using this driver, add intel_idle.max_cstate=0 to your kernel line.

Interaction with ACPI events

Users may configure scaling governors to switch automatically based on different ACPI events such as connecting the AC adapter or closing a laptop lid. A quick example is given below, however it may be worth reading full article on acpid.

Events are defined in /etc/acpi/handler.sh. If the acpid package is installed, the file should already exist and be executable. For example, to change the scaling governor from performance to conservative when the AC adapter is disconnected and change it back if reconnected:

Troubleshooting

Reason: Unverifiable and vague statements, lots of "some"s and "maybe"s. Troubleshooting items need to address concrete problems. (Discuss in Talk:CPU frequency scaling)

• Some applications, like ntop, do not respond well to automatic frequency scaling. In the case of ntop it can result in segmentation faults and lots of lost information as even the on-demand governor cannot change the frequency quickly enough when a lot of packets suddenly arrive at the monitored network interface that cannot be handled by the current processor speed.

• Some CPU's may suffer from poor performance with the default settings of the on-demand governor (e.g. flash videos not playing smoothly or stuttering window animations). Instead of completely disabling frequency scaling to resolve these issues, the aggressiveness of frequency scaling can be increased by lowering the up_threshold sysctl variable for each CPU. See how to change the on-demand governor's threshold.

• Sometimes the on-demand governor may not throttle to the maximum frequency but one step below. This can be solved by setting max_freq value slightly higher than the real maximum. For example, if frequency range of the CPU is from 2.00 GHz to 3.00 GHz, setting max_freq to 3.01 GHz can be a good idea.

• Some combinations of ALSA drivers and sound chips may cause audio skipping as the governor changes between frequencies, switching back to a non-changing governor seems to stop the audio skipping.

BIOS frequency limitation

Some CPU/BIOS configurations may have difficulties to scale to the maximum frequency or scale to higher frequencies at all. This is most likely caused by BIOS events telling the OS to limit the frequency resulting in /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/bios_limit set to a lower value.

Either you just made a specific Setting in the BIOS Setup Utility, (Frequency, Thermal Management, etc.) you can blame a buggy/outdated BIOS or the BIOS might have a serious reason for throttling the CPU on its own.

Reasons like that can be (assuming your machine's a notebook) that the battery is removed (or near death) so you are on AC-power only. In this case a weak AC-source might not supply enough electricity to fulfill extreme peak demands by the overall system and as there is no battery to assist this could lead to data loss, data corruption or in worst case even hardware damage!

Not all BIOS'es limit the CPU-Frequency in this case, but for example most IBM/Lenovo Thinkpads do. Refer to thinkwiki for more thinkpad related info on this topic.

If you checked there is not just an odd BIOS setting and you know what you are doing you can make the Kernel ignore these BIOS-limitations.

Warning: Make sure you read and understood the section above. CPU frequency limitation is a safety feature of your BIOS and you should not need to work around it.

A special parameter has to be passed to the processor module.

For trying this temporarily change the value in /sys/module/processor/parameters/ignore_ppc from 0 to 1.

For setting it permanently Kernel modules#Setting module options describes alternatives. For example, you can add processor.ignore_ppc=1 to your kernel boot line, or create

See also