1. Agrawal S K, Doucette F, Gratton R. et al. Intrapartum computerized fetal heart rate parameters and metabolic acidosis at birth. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102:731–738. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 2. Alfirevic Z Neilson J P Biophysical profile for fetal assessment in high risk pregnancies Cochrane Database Syst Rev 20081CD000038 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 3. Alfirevic Z Devane D Gyte G M Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic foetal monitoring (EFM) for foetal assessment during labour Cochrane Database Syst Rev 20063CD006066 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 4. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 106: Intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring. nomenclature, interpretation, and general management principles. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114:192–202. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 5. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 116: Management of intrapartum fetal heart rate tracings. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116:1232–1240. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 6. Ashkenazi S, Metzker A, Merlob P. et al. Scalp changes after fetal monitoring. Arch Dis Child. 1985;60:267–269. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 7. Beckley S, Stenhouse E, Greene K. The development and evaluation of a computer-assisted teaching programme for intrapartum fetal monitoring. BJOG. 2000;107:1138–1144. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 8. Berger R, Bender S, Sefkow S. et al. Peri/intraventricular haemorrhage: a cranial ultrasound study on 5286 neonates. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1997;75:191–203. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 9. Bernardes J, Costa Pereira A, Ayres de Campos D. et al. Evaluation of interobserver agreement of cardiotocograms. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1997;57:33–37. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 10. Bloom S L, Spong C Y, Thom E. et al. Fetal pulse oximetry and caesarean delivery. New Engl J Med. 2006;355:195–202. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 11. Brown V A, Sawers R S, Parsons R J. et al. The value of antenatal cardiotocography in the management of high risk pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1982;89:716–722. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 12. Butterwegge M, Gonser M, Roemer V M. Stellungnahme zu einem Gutachten der BQS über geburtshilfliche Qualitätsindikatoren. Z Geburtsh Neonatol. 2005;209:69–75. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 13. Carbonne B, Langer B, Goffinet F. et al. Clinical importance of fetal pulse oximetry. II. Comparative predictive values of oximetry and scalp pH. Multicenter study. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 1999;28:137–144. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 14. Cibilis L A. On intrapartum fetal monitoring. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174:1382–1389. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 15. Chow O Larbig A Kabartas B et al. Pitfalls of external FHR-monitoring in the second stage of labor J Mat Fet Neonat Med 201023(Suppl.)236 [Google Scholar] 16. Dawes G S, Moulden M, Redman C WG. Short term fetal heart rate variation, decelerations, and umbilical flow velocity waveforms before labour. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80:673–678. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 17. Daumer M, Scholz M, Boulesteix A L. et al. The normal fetal heart rate study: analysis plan. Nature Proceedings. 2007 doi: 10.1038/npre.980.1. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 18. Devoe L D, Ross M, Wilde C. et al. United States multicenter clinical usage study of the STAN 21 electronic fetal monitoring system. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195:729–734. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 19. DKG Leitfaden: Aufbewahrungsverpflichtungen und -fristen von Dokumenten im Krankenhaus. NKG Mitteilung. 2006:394. [Google Scholar] 20. Drogtrop A P, Ubels R, Nijhuis J G. The association between fetal body movements, eye movements, and heart rate patterns in pregnanccies between 25 and 30 weeks of gestation. Early Hum Dev. 1990;23:67–73. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 21. Dudenhausen J W, Luhr C, Dimer J S. Umbilical artery blood gases in healthy term newborn infants. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1997;57:251–258. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 22. East C E Colditz P B Fetal pulse oximetry for fetal assessment in labour Cochrane Database Syst Rev 20072CD004075 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 23. Elliott C, Warrick P A, Graham E. et al. Graded classification of fetal heart rate tracings: association with neonatal metabolic acidosis and neurologic morbidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202:2580–2.58E10. [Google Scholar] 24. Fedorkow D M, Stewart T J, Parboosingh J. Fetal heart rate changes associated with general anestesia. Am J Perinat. 1989;6:287–288. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 25. Ferrazzi E, Rigano S, Bozzo M. et al. Umbilical vein blood flow in growth-restricted fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2000;16:432–438. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 26. FDA Dear Healthcare Provider Letter 3–09/04/2009Online:http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/AlertsandNotices/ucm181503.htmStand: 08/2013 27. Flynn A M, Kelly J, Mansfield H. et al. A randomized controlled trial of non-stress-antepartum cardiotocography. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1982;89:427–433. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 28. Gaffney G, Flavell V, Johnson A. et al. Cerebral palsy and neonatal encephalopathy. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonat Ed. 1994;70:F195–F200. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 29. Gaffney G, Sellers S, Flavell V. et al. A case-control study of intrapartum care, cerebral palsy, and perinatal death. Br Med J. 1994;308:743–750. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 30. Garcia J, Corry M, MacDonald D. et al. Mothersʼ views of continuous electronic fetal heart monitoring and intermittent auscultation in a randomized controlled trial. Birth. 1985;12:79–86. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 31. Garite T J, Dildy G A, McNamara H. et al. A multicenter controlled trial of fetal pulse oximetry in the intrapartum management of nonreassuring fetal heart rate patterns. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183:1049–1058. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 32. Garnier Y, Coumans A, Berger R. et al. Endotoxemia severely affects circulation during normoxia and asphyxia in immature fetal sheep. J Soc Gynecol Invest. 2001;8:134–142. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 33. Gnirs J, Schelling M, Kolben M. et al. Referenzkurven für das fetale Bewegungsprofil. Geburtsh Frauenheilk. 1998;58:355–362. [Google Scholar] 34. Gonser M, König M, Marzusch K. Schema zur CTG-Interpretation nach den FIGO-Richtlinien. Gynäkol Prax. 1995;19:649–659. [Google Scholar] 35. Graatsma E M, Jacod B C, van Egmond L AJ. et al. Fetal electrocardiotocography: feasibility of long-term fetal heart rate recordings. BJOG. 2009;116:334–337. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 36. Grant A, OʼBrien N, Joy M T. et al. Cerebral palsy among children born during the Dublin randomised trial of intrapartum monitoring. Lancet. 1989;8674:1233–1236. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 37. Grivel R M Alfirevic Z Gyte G M et al. Antenatal cardiotocography for foetal assessment Cochrane Database Syst Rev 20101CD007863 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 38. Hansen P K, Smith S F, Nim J. et al. Maternal attitudes to fetal monitoring. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1985;20:43–51. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 39. Haverkamp A D, Thompson H E, McFee J G. et al. The evaluation of continuous fetal heart rate monitoring in high-risk pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1976;125:310–317. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 40. Haverkamp A D, Orleans M, Langendoerfer S. et al. A controlled trial of the differential effects of intrapartum fetal monitoring. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1979;134:399–412. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 41. Herbst A, Ingemarsson I. Intermittent versus continuous electronic fetal monitoring in labour: a randomized study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1994;101:663–668. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 42. Hod M, Kerner R. Telemedicine for antenatal surveillance of high-risk pregnancies with ambulatory and home fetal heart monitoring–an update. J Perinat Med. 2003;31:195–200. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 43. Impey L, Reynolds M, MacQuillan K. et al. Admission cardiotocography: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:465–470. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 44. Jensen A, Martius G. Stuttgart: Thieme; 1991. Überwachung und Leitung der Entbindung; pp. 386–442. [Google Scholar] 45. Jensen A, Roman C, Rudolph A M. Effects of reducing uterine blood flow distribution and oxygen delivery. J Dev Physiol. 1991;15:309–323. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 46. Keith R D, Beckley S, Garibaldi J M. et al. A multicentre comparative study of 17 experts and an intelligent computer system for managing labour using the cardiotocogram. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1995;102:688–700. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 47. Kelso A M, Parsons R J, Lawrence G F. et al. An assessment of continuous fetal heart rate monitoring in labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1978;131:526–532. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 48. Kidd L, Patel N, Smith R. Non-stress antenatal cardiotocography – a prospective randomized clinical trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1985;92:1156–1159. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 49. Killien M G, Shy K. A randomized trial of electronic fetal monitoring in preterm labor: motherʼs views. Birth. 1989;16:7–12. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 50. Kühnert M, Schmidt S. Intrapartum management of nonreassuring fetal heart rate patterns: a randomized controlled trial of fetal pulse oximetry. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191:1989–1995. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 51. Kühnert M, Hellmeyer L, Stein W. et al. Twenty-four-hour CTG monitoring: comparison of normal pregnancies of 25-30 weeks of gestation versus 36-42 weeks of gestation. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2007;275:451–460. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 52. Langendoerfer S, Haverkamp A D, Murphy J. et al. Pediatric follow up of a randomised controlled trial of intrapartum fetal monitoring techniques. J Ped. 1980;97:103–107. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 53. Leveno K J, Cunningham F G, Nelson S. et al. A prospective comparison of selective and universal electronic fetal monitoring in 34,995 pregnancies. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:615–619. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 54. Liston R, Sawchuck D, Young D. Fetal health surveillance: antepartum and intrapartum consensus guideline. J Obstet Gynecol Canada. 2007;29 04:3–56. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 55. Lotgering F K, Wallenburg H C, Schouten H J. Interobserver and intraobserver variation in the assessment of antepartum cardiotocograms. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982;144:701–705. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 56. Lumley J, Lester A, Anderson I. et al. A randomized trial of weekly cardiotocography in high-risk obstetric patients. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1983;90:1018–1026. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 57. Luthy D A, Shy K K, van Belle G. A randomized trial of electronic fetal heart monitoring in premature labor. Obstet Gynecol. 1987;69:687–695. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 58. MacDonald D, Grant A, Sheridan-Perreira M. The Dublin randomized controlled trial of intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985;152:524–539. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 59. Maeda K. FIGO News: Report of the FIGO Study Group on the Assessment of New Technology. Evaluation and standardization of fetal monitoring. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1997;59:169–173. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 60. Mahomed K, Nyoni R, Mulambo T. et al. Randomised controlled trial of intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring. Br Med J. 1994;308:497–500. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 61. Macones G A, Hankins G D, Spong C Y. et al. The 2008 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development workshop report on electronic fetal monitoring: update on definitions, interpretation and research guidelines. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112:661–666. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 62. Mardirosoff C, Dumont L, Boulvain M. et al. Fetal bradycardia due to intrathecal opioids for labour analgesia: a systematic review. BJOG. 2002;109:274–281. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 63. Miller D A, Rabello Y A, Paul R H. The modified biophysical profile: antepartum testing in the 1990s. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174:812–817. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 64. Morgenstern J, Abels T, Somville T. et al. Accuracy of fetal heart rate monitoring. Gynäkologe. 1994;27:123–129. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 65. Murray M L, Higgins P. Computer versus lecture: strategies for teaching fetal monitoring. J Perinatol. 1996;16:15–19. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 66. National Health and Medical Research Council . Canberra: Biotext; 1999. How to review the Evidence: systematic Identification and Review of the scientific Literature. [Google Scholar] 67. Neilson J P Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour Cochrane Database Syst Rev 20124CD000116 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 68. Neilson D R jr., Freeman R K, Mangan S. Signal ambiguity resulting in unexpected outcome with external fetal heart rate monitoring. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199:717–724. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 69. Neldam S, Osler M, Hansen P K. et al. Monitoring labor with cardiotocography and stethoscopic examination in normal and risk deliveries. Ugeskr Laeger. 1985;147:2901–2907. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 70. Neldam S, Osler M, Hansen P K. et al. Intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring in a combined low- and high-risk population: a controlled clinical trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1986;23:1–11. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 71. Nelson K B, Dambrosia J M, Ting T Y. et al. Uncertain value of electronic fetal monitoring in predicting cerebral palsy. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:613–618. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 72. NICHD (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development) . Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring: Research guidelines for interpretation. Research Planning Workshop. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;177:1385–1390. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 73. Nijhuis J G, van de Pas M. Behavioral states and their ontogeny: human studies. Semin Perinatol. 1992;16:206–210. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 74. Noren H, Blad S, Carlsson A. et al. STAN in clinical practice – The outcome of 2 years of regular use in the city of Gothenburg. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195:7–15. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 75. OLG Oldenburg 15.5.90 5 U 114/89; OLG Karlsruhe 28.11.97 U 28/79; OLG Hamburg 30.03.79 1 U 115/77; BGH NJW 1992, 1560=VersR 1992: 745 76. Parer J T, King T L. Fetal heart rate monitoring: the next step? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202:520–521. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 77. Pattison N McCowan L Cardiotocography for antepartum fetal assessment (Cochrane Review) Cochrane Database Syst Rev 20101CD001068 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 78. Petrie R H, Yeh S Y, Murata Y. et al. The effects of drugs on fetal heart rate variability. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987;130:294–299. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 79. Renou P, Chang A, Anderson I. Controlled trial of fetal intensive care. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1976;126:470–476. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 80. Roemer V M. Quantitative CTG-Bewertung sub partu mit einem neuen CTG-Score: Wie gut sind die Korrelationen mit den Parametern des fetalen Säure-Basen-Haushaltes im Nabelschnurblut? Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 2003;207:121–126. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 81. Rooth G. Lund: Studentlitteratur; 1988. Perinatal Acid-base Balance. [Google Scholar] 82. Rooth G, Huch A, Huch R. FIGO News: Guidelines for the use of fetal monitoring. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1987;25:159–167. [Google Scholar] 83. Rosen K G. Fetal electrocardiogram waveform analysis in labour. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2005;17:147–150. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 84. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists . Intrapartum care. London/UK, Sept. 2007 85. Rüttgers H. Kardiotokographie. Standards in der Perinatalmedizin. Perinat Med. 1989;1:9–14. [Google Scholar] 86. Samueloff A, Langer O, Berkus M. et al. Is fetal heart rate variability a good predictor of fetal outcome? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1994;73:39–44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 87. Saling E. Stuttgart: Thieme; 1966. Das Kind im Bereich der Geburtshilfe. [Google Scholar] 88. Schiermeier S, Westhof G, Daumer M. et al. Die Kurzzeitvariation der fetalen Herzfrequenz und der FIGO-CTG-Score. Erste Erfahrungen in der Kombination dieser Überwachungsparameter. Geburtsh Frauenheilk. 2006;66:752–755. [Google Scholar] 89. Schindler T. Aachen: Verlag Mainz; 2002. Delayed Moving Window Algorithm for Online Cardiotocogram Analysis: aComparison of computerized CTG Analysis. 1st ed. [Google Scholar] 90. Schneider K TM. Die Überwachung der Geburt aus forensischer Sicht. Gynäkologe. 1994;27:212–221. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 91. Schneider K TM, Bung P, Weber S. et al. An orthostatic uterovascular syndrome – a prospective, longitudinal study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;169:183–189. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 92. Shy K K, Luthy D A, Bennett F C. et al. Effects of electronic fetal heart rate monitoring, as compared with periodic auscultation, on neurologic development of premature infants. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:588–593. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 93. Spencer J A, Badawi N, Burton P. et al. The intrapartum CTG prior to neonatal encephalopathy at term: a case-control study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;104:25–28. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 94. Staisch K J, Westlake J R, Bashore R A. Blind oxytocin challenge test and perinatal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980;138:399–403. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 95. Street P, Dawes G S, Moulden M. et al. Short term variation in abnormal antenatal fetal heart rate records. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;165:515–523. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 96. Tan K H Smyth R Fetal vibroacoustic stimulation for facilitation of tests of fetal wellbeing (Cochrane Review) Cochrane Database Syst Rev 201312CD002963 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 97. Thacker S B, Berkelman R L. Assessing the diagnostic accuracy and efficacy of selected antepartum fetal surveillance techniques. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1986;41:121–141. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 98. Thacker S B Stroup D Chang M Continuous electronic heart rate monitoring for fetal assessment during labor (Cochrane Review) Cochrane Database Syst Rev 20135CD006066 [Google Scholar] 99. Trimbos J B, Keirse M J. Observer variability in assessment of antepartum cardiotocograms. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1978;85:900–906. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 100. Van Geijn H P, Jongsma H W, Doesburg W H. et al. The effect of diazepam administration during pregnancy or labor on the heart rate variability of the newborn infant. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1980;10:187–201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 101. Van Woerden E E, van Geijn H P. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1994. Factors influencing the fetal Heart Rate; pp. 211–220. [Google Scholar] 102. Vintzileos A M, Antsaklis A, Varvarigos I. et al. A randomized trial of intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate monitoring versus intermittent auscultation. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;81:899–907. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 103. Vintzileos A M, Nochimson D J, Antsaklis A. et al. Comparison of intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate monitoring versus intermittent auscultation in detecting fetal acidemia at birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173:1021–1024. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 104. Vintzileos A M, Nochimson D J, Guzman E R. et al. Intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate monitoring versus intermittent auscultation: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;85:149–155. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 105. Visser G H, Dawes G S, Redman C W. Numerical analysis of the normal human antenatal fetal heart rate. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1981;88:792–802. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 106. Voigt M, Schneider K T, Jahrig K. Analyse des Geburtengutes des Jahrgangs 1992 der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Teil 1: Neue Perzentilwerte für die Körpermaße von Neugeborenen. Geburtsh Frauenheilk. 1996;56:550–558. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 107. Westergaard H B, Langhoff-Roos J, Lingman G. et al. A critical appraisal in high-risk pregnancies: use of meta-analysis in evidence-based obstetrics. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001;17:466–476. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 108. Westerhuis M E, Moons K G, van Beek E. et al. A randomised clinical trial on cardiotocography plus fetal blood sampling versus cardiotocography plus ST-analysis of the fetal electrocardiogram (STAN(R)) for intrapartum monitoring. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2007;26:13. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 109. Wood C, Renou P, Oats J. et al. A controlled trial of fetal heart rate monitoring in a low-risk obstetric population. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981;141:527–534. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 110. The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada . Clinical Practice Guideline Fetal Health Surveillance: Antepartum and Intrapartum Consensus Guideline No. 197 (Replaces No. 90 and No. 112), Ottawa/Kanada: SOGC; September 2007 111. Young D C, Gray J H, Luther E R. et al. Fetal scalp blood sampling: its value in an active obstetric unit. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980;136:276–281. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 112. Zalar R W jr., Quilligan E J. The influence of scalp sampling on the cesarean section rate for fetal distress. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1979;135:239–246. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Page 2Table 1 Evidence level (EL) (from 84).*
|