Which of the following should the emt consider when protecting a patient during extrication?

H-1) Yours is the first unit to arrive on the scene of a highway accident during a storm. There are several vehicles and patients involved, and visibility is poor. Your first action should be to:A. announce on the PA that all patients should stay where they are.B. establish command and confirm the exact location with dispatch.C. begin care for the most critical patient.

D. remain in the vehicle until the weather improves.

B. establish command and confirm the exact location with dispatch.

H-2) If it is safe to do so, which of the following is recommended to minimize traffic congestion at a highway accident scene?A. Turn off all emergency lights on arrival.B. Park emergency vehicles in a single-file line.C. Close all lanes of traffic.

D. Immediately remove all patients from the scene.

B. Park emergency vehicles in a single-file line.

To minimize scene congestion, units should park in the same direction and remain in single file, if possible. Larger units should provide upstream blocking, whereas command and EMS units should be downstream in the "safe zone." Patients should not be removed from the scene prior to completing the primary assessment.

H-3) The vehicle positioned as a blocking apparatus on a three-lane highway should be positioned:A. downstream to create 1 1/2 - 2 lanes of blockage.B. with another vehicle angled in a V to block all three lanes downstream of the incident.C. with another vehicle angled in a V to block all three lanes upstream of the incident.

D. upstream to create 1 1/2 - 2 lanes of blockage.

H-4) The cones or flares channeling traffic around a highway accident should be placed to:A. cross all lanes of the highway in a straight line.B. curve from the side of the highway opposite the accident toward the blocking apparatus.C. move traffic into the correct lane before they reach the edge of the danger zone.

D. point directly at the blocking apparatus in a straight line.

C. move traffic into the correct lane before they reach the edge of the danger zone.

Cones and/or flares should be placed on an angle across the road and around the site. The placement should move approaching traffic into the correct lane before it reaches the edge of the danger zone.

H-5) After positioning your ambulance at an accident scene at night, you should:A. enter and exit the scene into oncoming traffic.B. leave the siren on while working the accident scene.C. shut off the headlights and white response lighting.

D. block as many traffic lanes as possible.

C. shut off the headlights and white response lighting

At night, headlights or flashing lights can temporarily blind drivers who are approaching an emergency scene, preventing them from seeing emergency workers. In this circumstance, reflective safety vests become ineffective. Therefore, drivers of emergency apparatus parked at highway incidents should turn off vehicle headlights. In addition, they should shut off any white response lighting that could blind oncoming drivers.

H-6) Reflective safety vests become ineffective:A. when bright lights blind oncoming drivers.B. during vehicle extrication.C. after positioning cones or flares.

D. at night.

A. when bright lights blind oncoming drivers.

When bright lights such as ambulance headlights blind oncoming drivers, reflective safety vests become ineffective.

H-7) Which of the following always precedes removing a patient from a vehicle unless delay would endanger the patient's life or that of EMS personnel or another rescuer?A. Performing the primary assessmentB. Providing care such as splinting fracturesC. Taking a patient history

D. Completing a head-to-toe assessment

A. Performing the primary assessment

Initial patient assessment and care precede removing a patient from a vehicle. However, care such as splinting fractures is not generally done until the patient is removed from the vehicle, unless the patient is otherwise stable. A thorough secondary assessment involving head-to-toe assessment and a patient history can be performed after removal.

H-8) What is the final phase of extrication?A. Gaining accessB. DisentanglementC. Terminating the rescue

D. Immobilization and extrication

C. Terminating the rescue

Extrication concludes when the operation is terminated. This is the last of the 10 phases of extrication.

H-9) Full turnout gear should be worn:A. at all accident scenes.B. during extrication.C. when landing an EMS helicopter.

D. in cold weather.

H-10) Which of the following is recommended to protect the patient while extrication is being performed on the vehicle the patient occupies?A. Vinyl glovesB. An aluminized rescue blanketC. Sunglasses

D. An athletic helmet

B. An aluminized rescue blanket

An aluminized rescue blanket offers protection from bad weather and flying debris

H-11) What type of access is required when you must use specialized tools to gain access to a patient in a vehicle?A. SimpleB. UtilityC. Complex

D. Assisted

H-12) Which of the following statements regarding airbag safety during displacement of the dash or steering wheel is false?A. Do not apply heat in the area of the steering wheel hub.B. Do not displace or remove the steering column until the system has been fully deactivated.C. Cut or drill into an air bag module.

D. Disconnect the battery cables, starting with the negative terminal.

C. Cut or drill into an air bag module.

H-13) Which of the following methods should be tried first to gain access to a patient in a vehicle?A. "Pop" the door with hydraulic spreaders.B. Break the windshield.C. Break the rear window.

D. Try all of the doors on the vehicle, to see whether any are unlocked.

The simplest and quickest method to gain access to a patient in a vehicle is to try all of the vehicle doors. (Try before you pry.)

PT-1) Helmets worn by EMS providers should have:A. subdued colors.B. the Star of Life on them.C. auxiliary lighting capability.

D. dark lettering.

B. the Star of Life on them.

PT-2) You park downstream of an accident site on a busy four-lane highway. A fire apparatus has been positioned upstream to block two lanes of traffic. You are parked in the rightmost lane. Cones are placed in a line down the center of the highway, blocking off two lanes, including the lane to your left just outside the driver's side door. You may exit the vehicle:A. only if you see no traffic approaching in the side mirror.B. only when a spotter signals you.C. only on the passenger's side.

D. on the driver's side, after checking approaching traffic in the side mirror.

PT-3) Traffic flow around an accident site on a highway:A. should be controlled and slowed.B. is unsafe until a safe zone is created.C. should only be open to rescue vehicles.

D. should be prevented entirely during incident response.

A. should be controlled and slowed.

PT-4) After using a fire extinguisher to put out all fires on a crashed vehicle, you should next:A. observe from a safe distance to make sure the fire is fully out.B. approach the vehicle from a safe direction.C. fill the vehicle's interior with a cloud of fire extinguishing agent.

D. call out to patients inside that it is safe to exit the vehicle.

A. observe from a safe distance to make sure the fire is fully out.

PT-5) A vehicle involved in a collision that is at rest on four inflated tires represents:A. a stabilization risk.B. no stabilization risk if the parking brake is set.C. no stabilization risk.

D. no stabilization risk if it is placed in park with the engine off.

PT-6) Which of the following is the least rescuers are required to wear when working at an accident scene, day or night?A. A Level A containment suitB. Leather glovesC. ANSI Class 2 traffic safety vests and helmets

D. A HEPA mask

C. ANSI Class 2 traffic safety vests and helmets

PT-7) For maximum visibility at an accident scene at night, emergency vehicles should:A. turn headlights to the brightest setting.B. turn red/amber emergency lights off.C. turn red/amber emergency lights on.

D. turn headlights on.

C. turn red/amber emergency lights on.

PT-8) Prior to stabilizing the vehicle, you would:A. recognize and manage hazards.B. gain access to the patient.C. immobilize and extricate the patient.

D. disentangle the patient.

A. recognize and manage hazards.

PT-9) Which of the following accident scenes will likely require additional resources?A. An accident requiring complex extricationB. An accident involving a pediatric patientC. An accident involving an off-duty EMS worker

D. An accident scene with a fatality

A. An accident requiring complex extrication

PT-10) Good hand protection for vehicle extrication is best achieved with:A. fabric garden gloves.B. nonlatex examination gloves.C. disposable vinyl or other synthetic gloves underneath either firefighter's gloves or leather gloves.

D. work gloves.

C. disposable vinyl or other synthetic gloves underneath either firefighter's gloves or leather gloves.

PT-11) Which of the following can you NOT do before disentanglement in the vehicle extrication process?A. Provide a primary assessmentB. Size up the situationC. Stabilize the vehicle

D. Extricate the patient from the vehicle

PT-12) Which of the following is the best choice for blocking a highway accident scene and protecting the scene from oncoming traffic?A. EMS helicopterB. AmbulanceC. Police vehicle

D. Fire apparatus

PT-13) If it is necessary to disconnect a car's battery, which of the following cables should be cut or removed first?A. NegativeB. RedC. Neutral

D. Positive

CT-1) If the steering wheel must be displaced during extrication and the airbag has not deployed, which of the following actions is recommended by airbag manufacturers?A. Secure a long backboard across the steering wheel to deflect the airbag from the patient should it deploy.B. No action is required; only frontal impact will deploy airbags.C. Firmly strike the hub of the steering wheel with a mallet to deactivate the airbag before displacing the steering wheel.

D. Disconnect the battery cables.

CT-2) Which of the following can serve as appropriate eye protection for an EMT on the scene of an extrication?A. Plastic face shield of the type used for Standard PrecautionsB. Shield of a Firefighter's helmetC. Face conforming goggles

D. Prescription eyeglasses

C. Face conforming goggles

CT-3) Which of the following is a common hazard associated with the inner circle of a typical auto extrication?A. Penetrating injury from extrication toolsB. Broken glass and metal fragmentsC. Carbon monoxide poisoning

D. Both A and C

B. Broken glass and metal fragments

CT-4) Which of the following is the EMT's key role at the scene of an auto extrication?A. Rescue technicianB. Patient advocateC. Safety officer

D. Incident commander

CT-5) Which of the following is the most common type of rescue across the United States?A. Hazardous materials responseB. Farm rescueC. Water rescue

D. Vehicle rescue

CT-6) Which of the following is a good choice for preventing further injury to a patient during auto extrication?A. Placing your body over the top of the patientB. SheetC. Disposable blanket

D. Aluminized blanket

CT-7) Which of the following is not an example of a specialty rescue team?A. Advanced cardiac life supportB. Water rescueC. High-angle rescue

D. Confined-space rescue

A. Advanced cardiac life support

CT-8) You respond to the scene of a motor vehicle collision involving a small pickup truck that struck the rear of a moving tractor-trailer. The driver of the tractor-trailer is walking around and complains of neck pain. The driver of the pickup truck is conscious but cannot exit the vehicle because the door is stuck and the steering wheel is displaced onto his lap. The passenger of the pickup truck is sitting upright in the passenger seat, is unconscious, but has radial pulses. Access to the passenger is not obstructed. A fourth patient, who was sitting in the pickup truck bed, is found about 10 feet away and responds to commands appropriately. Assuming your ambulance is the only emergency vehicle on the scene currently, which of the following patients should be packaged for transport first by the next arriving ambulance?A. Passenger ejected from the pickup truck bedB. Passenger in the pickup truck's front seatC. Pickup truck driver

D. Tractor trailer driver

B. Passenger in the pickup truck's front seat

CT-9) Which of the following is the highest priority during extrication?A. Ensuring your personal safetyB. Maintaining the patient's airwayC. Controlling major bleeding

D. Gaining access to the patient

A. Ensuring your personal safety

CT-10) Which of the following is an advantage of removing the roof of a vehicle that has sustained major damage in a collision?A. It creates a large exit through which to remove the patient.B. It makes the entire interior of the vehicle accessible.C. The EMT can better access the patients.

D. All of the above

CT-11) When working at a nighttime emergency on a roadway, which of the following safety considerations should the prudent EMS provider do to increase safety?A. Switch the headlights to the "high beam" position for maximum lighting.B. Operate amber warning lights only, if the option is available.C. Keep only the fog lights on to keep the light out of drivers' vision.

D. Keep all available response lights on to warn oncoming traffic.

B. Operate amber warning lights only, if the option is available

CT-12) When disconnecting a battery cable to disrupt a vehicle's electrical system, the EMT should disconnect the:A. negative cable from the alternator.B. negative cable from the battery.C. positive cable from the alternator.

D. positive cable from the battery.

B. negative cable from the battery.

CT-13) If you are first on scene, what should you do first in determining where and how you should park your apparatus?A. Establish Command and confirm the exact location of the incident with the dispatch center before parking.B. Immediately park in the same direction and in single file.C. Provide downstream blocking if you are driving one of the larger units.

D. Use apparatus to institute "downstream blocking" of the scene to protect the work area.

A. Establish Command and confirm the exact location of the incident with the dispatch center before parking.

CT-14) You have arrived at the scene of a vehicle collision in which there are utility wires down around the vehicle. The three occupants appear dazed and other responding units have not yet arrived. Which of the following is the best course of action?A. Stay at a distance and caution the occupants to stay inside the vehicleB. Encourage the occupants to exit the vehicle by jumping free of the vehicle before touching the ground.C. Push the wires out of the way with a long pry-bar in order to access the patients.

D. Cool the wires with large amounts of water to prevent a fire from starting.

A. Stay at a distance and caution the occupants to stay inside the vehicle

CT-15) Once access to the patient is gained, which of the following is the next goal during an auto extrication?A. Disentanglement of the patientB. Stabilization of the vehicleC. Extrication of the patient from the vehicle

D. Primary assessment and rapid trauma exam

CT-16) Which of the following is not a phase of the extrication process?A. SimplificationB. Gaining access to the patientC. Disentanglement

D. Terminating the rescue

CT-17) Which of the following should the EMT consider when protecting a patient during extrication?A. DebrisB. NoiseC. Weather

D. All of the above

CT-18) Which of the following methods should the EMT use first to attempt to access a patient in a vehicle while awaiting arrival of a rescue crew?A. Use a pry-bar to release the Nader pin in the door latch.B. Try all of the vehicle's doors to see if they will open.C. Use a heavy tool to break the window closest to the patient.

D. Use a spring-loaded punch to break the rear window.

B. Try all of the vehicle's doors to see if they will open.

CT-19) You are at the scene of a motor vehicle collision in which a single vehicle has collided with a tree. You note that the driver's side airbag has deployed. Which of the following is recommended by airbag experts?A. Use a portable fan to ventilate the car to remove the powder from the airbag.B. Lift the airbag and inspect the steering wheel for damage.C. Sharply strike the front bumper to make sure the second airbag has deployed.

D. Cut away the fabric portion of the airbag to get it out of the way.

B. Lift the airbag and inspect the steering wheel for damage.

CT-20) When controlling the scene of an emergency involving damaged power poles and downed electrical wires, the EMT must remember to:A. use double-thickness gloves to insulate the body from electrocution.B. render the scene safe before entering the danger zone.C. use nonconductive implements to make a safe path to victims.

D. request appropriate personnel to cut the power source.

CT-21) Which of the following phases of extrication follows the other three phases?A. Recognizing and managing hazardsB. Gaining access to the patientC. Immobilizing and extricating the patient

D. Stabilizing the vehicle

C. Immobilizing and extricating the patient

CT-22) You are assessing a patient in the front seat of a vehicle that was involved in a head-on collision. As you examine the interior of the vehicle, you notice the airbags have not deployed. What action should you take in order to render the scene safe to work?A. Disconnect the battery and continue assessing the patient.B. Turn the ignition to the "off" position and wait 2 minutes before entering the vehicle.C. Disconnect the battery and wait 2 minutes before entering the vehicle.

D. Use a long spine board to shield yourself from the undeployed airbag.

C. Disconnect the battery and wait 2 minutes before entering the vehicle.

CT-23) Which of the following is the rule of thumb for determining the stability of a vehicle that has been involved in a collision?A. It should only be considered stable after assessment by trained rescue personnel.B. It is stable if the transmission is in "Park" or the parking brake is on.C. It is stable if it is upright on all four wheels.

D. It is stable if the ignition is turned off.

A. It should only be considered stable after assessment by trained rescue personnel.

CT-24) Stabilizing a vehicle is unnecessary when a vehicle is on its roof with:A. the vehicle horizontal and resting entirely on the roof.B. the front edge of the hood in contact with the ground.C. all roof supports collapsed.

D. the trunk lid in contact with the ground.

C. all roof supports collapsed.

CT-25) Under which of the following conditions are safety vests with reflective trim effective in increasing the visibility of the EMT?A. On sunny daysB. On cloudy daysC. At night

D. All of the above

CT-26) One of the greatest hazards associated with EMS highway operations is:A. traffic flow.B. power lines.C. sharp objects.

D. explosion.

CT-27) Which of the following activities should not occur during the scene size-up?A. Providing airway managementB. Determining the extent of the patient's entrapmentC. Determining the need for additional resources

D. Determining the mechanism of injury

A. Providing airway management

CT-28) Upon arrival at the scene of a motor vehicle collision, you find a vehicle that is on fire. The fire is confined to the engine compartment and the hood is tightly closed. Of the following, which is the best course of action?A. Wet the interior of the vehicle to keep the fire from spreading.B. Use a long-handled pry-bar to open the hood and put out the fire with a fire extinguisher.C. Let the fire burn and concentrate on extricating the patient.

D. Discharge a dry chemical fire extinguisher onto the patient's clothing to protect him from the fire.

C. Let the fire burn and concentrate on extricating the patient.

`CT-29) On arrival at a vehicle collision, you observe a small fire in the engine compartment. A bystander is attempting to smother the fire with a jacket as you approach with an A-B-C extinguisher from your ambulance. Which of the following is the best method of extinguishing the fire?A. Sweep the nozzle of the extinguisher left and right using short bursts until you are out of extinguishing agent.B. Close the hood to contain the fire within the engine compartment.C. Aim the nozzle to the side of the fire and, with a sweeping motion, push the fire at its base.

D. Aim at the base of the fire and use short bursts until the fire is out.

CT-30) When attempting to extinguish a fire inside the passenger compartment, it is important to:A. aim the nozzle of the extinguisher away from the patient to avoid hitting the patient.B. use the extinguishing agent sparingly to avoid creating a cloud of powder.C. apply the extinguishing agent liberally to speed up the extinguishing process.

D. resist the urge to extinguish the fire and focus on extricating any patients

B. use the extinguishing agent sparingly to avoid creating a cloud of powder

CT-31) Which of the following steps of extrication comes before the other three steps?A. Sizing up the situationB. Gaining access to the patientC. Recognizing and managing hazards

D. Preparing for the rescue

CT-32) Which of the following best describes why it is important for the EMT to understand the extrication process?A. To anticipate any dangerous steps in the extrication processB. To take over the extrication process if requested by the rescue techniciansC. To provide direction to the rescue technicians if they appear to be making errors

D. All of the above

A. To anticipate any dangerous steps in the extrication process

CT-33) You have arrived at the scene of a motor vehicle collision to find that there are several critically injured patients. Which of the following should you do first?A. Call for additional rescue units and transporting ambulances.B. Begin to care for the patient closest to your vehicle.C. Begin triage of all patients before deciding on additional resources.

D. Begin extrication of the most critically injured patient.

A. Call for additional rescue units and transporting ambulances.

CT-34) Which safety device prevents car doors from opening during a collision?A. Safety pinB. Safety lockC. Nader pin

D. Nader jam

CT-35) Which of the following measures can the EMT take to create a safer extrication scene?A. Setting up road flares every 10 feet for a safe distance to divert traffic away from the collisionB. Setting up road flares around hazards such as spilled fuelC. Dropping road flares from the ambulance as you are approaching the scene

D. Both B and C

A. Setting up road flares every 10 feet for a safe distance to divert traffic away from the collision

CT-36) An unresponsive patient is found sitting in the front seat of a vehicle with his legs pinned under the dash. Once his legs have been freed, which of the following methods should be used for removal of the patient?A. Rapid extrication techniqueB. Quick extractionC. Scoop stretcher

D. Rapid take-down

A. Rapid extrication technique

CT-37) Which of the following should be used to protect a patient during extrication?A. GogglesB. NettingC. Plastic blanket

D. None of the above

CT-38) Which of the following is an important reason for controlling spectators at the scene of an extrication incident?A. Spectators may get injured.B. Spectators may create problems for passing motorists.C. Spectators may interfere with rescue efforts.

D. All of the above

CT-39) Which of the following is a common reason that EMTs are struck by motor vehicles at the scene of motor vehicle collisions on roadways?A. Drivers who are angry at being delayed deliberately take out their frustrations on rescue workers.B. Drivers are distracted by the scene of the collision and do not pay attention to what they are doing.C. EMTs sometimes lose track of what they are doing and wander into traffic.

D. All of the above

B. Drivers are distracted by the scene of the collision and do not pay attention to what they are doing.

D. All of the above

B. Drivers are distracted by the scene of the collision and do not pay attention to what they are doing.

CT-41) Which of the following is the first concern when you are caring for a patient who has been in a vehicle collision?A. Your own safetyB. Preserving evidence, such as alcohol beverage bottles and vehicle positioningC. Helping law enforcement get the driver's name and insurance information

D. Treating life-threatening injuries

CT-41) Which of the following is the best protection for an EMT's upper body during an extrication operation?A. Thick wool coatB. Thick fireproof blanket draped around the shouldersC. Nylon jacket with asbestos lining

D. Firefighting turnout coat

42) Which of the following is adequate protection for the EMT's head while at the scene of an auto extrication?A. Watch capB. Firefighting helmetC. Nomex hood

D. NF PA standard rescue helmet

D. NFPA standard rescue helmet

43) Which of the following is adequate protection for the EMT's head while at the scene of an auto extrication?A. Watch capB. Firefighting helmetC. Nomex hood

D. NFPA standard rescue helmet

CT-43) When extrication will involve cutting the roof off a vehicle, stabilization of the vehicle should include:A. deflating all tires by slashing them.B. deflating all tires by pulling the valve stems.C. placing chocks on both sides of at least two wheels.

D. placing wheel chocks on both sides of all wheels.

B. deflating all tires by pulling the valve stems.

CT-44) You are managing a patient who is being extricated from a vehicle by a rescue crew using hydraulic tools. Which of the following items should you use in order to protect your patient during the extrication process?A. Oxygen mask to prevent inhalation of noxious fumesB. Short spine board to prevent debris from contacting the patientC. Wool blanket to protect the patient from broken glass

D. Aluminized rescue blanket to protect the patient from sharp edges

B. Short spine board to prevent debris from contacting the patient

CT-45) You are at the scene of a vehicle collision on an interstate highway. There are two cars involved and both are out of the lanes against the median wall. As an EMS provider, what is your primary safety concern?A. Ensuring the patient is properly packaged for transportB. Evaluating the risk of fire caused by ruptured fuel linesC. Searching for sharp edges of broken glass and torn metal

D. Watching for distracted drivers who are driving past the scene

CT-47) You are on the scene of a vehicle collision involving a downed power line. You are walking in an area you feel is a safe distance from the line and begin to feel a tingling sensation in your feet. Which of the following would be a proper method of ensuring your safety while exiting the area?A. Turn 180 degrees to the direction you are walking and quickly run to a safe location.B. Turn 90 degrees to the direction you are walking and shuffle away from the danger area.C. Turn 180 degrees to the direction you are walking and shuffle away from the danger area.

D. Turn 90 degrees to the direction you are walking and hop to a safe place on one foot.

C. Turn 180 degrees to the direction you are walking and shuffle away from the danger area.

CT-47) Which of the following is a reason that the vehicle doors are removed to extricate the patient rather than pulling the patient through an open window?A. To avoid being cut by glassB. To make the interior of the vehicle less accessibleC. To avoid criticism from bystanders

D. To allow a patient with life-threatening injuries to be removed quickly

CT-48) Which of the following considerations should be determined when conducting a scene size-up at night of a single vehicle collision involving a rollover?A. Make and model of the vehicle involvedB. Which patient is the least injuredC. How many EMS supervisors are needed for command

D. Mechanism of injury

CT-49) While performing night operations, which of the following combinations of lights provide maximum visibility?A. Red/amber warning lights ON, headlights OFF, fog lights OFF, and traffic directional boards OFFB. Red/amber warning lights ON, headlights OFF, fog lights OFF, and traffic directional boards ONC. Red/amber warning lights ON, headlights ON, fog lights OFF, and traffic directional boards ON

D. Red/amber warning lights ON, headlights ON, fog lights ON, and traffic directional boards ON

B. Red/amber warning lights ON, headlights OFF, fog lights OFF, and traffic directional boards ON

CT-50) When placing cribbing:A. kneel on both knees for stabilization.B. always squat, so you can move away quickly.C. kneel or squat as necessary.

D. kneel on one knee only so you can move away quickly.

B. always squat, so you can move away quickly.

CT-51) Which of the following provides the best protection for the EMT's hands during a vehicle rescue operation?A. Elbow-length chemical-proof glovesB. Leather glovesC. Fabric work gloves with non-slip palms

D. Double-thickness latex glovesegress.

CT-52) When responding to an emergency located on an interstate highway in a medium-duty ambulance, the vehicle should be positioned:A. in a safe location in the emergency lane of the interstate.B. in the same direction as other response vehicles in a single line.C. across as many lanes as possible to block oncoming traffic.

D. to one side of the damaged vehicles for easy

B. in the same direction as other response vehicles in a single line.

CT-53) Which of the following describes vehicle glass that is designed to break into small pieces rather than shattering into sharp fragments?A. Alloy glassB. Leaded glassC. Tempered glass

D. lexiglas

CT-54) Which of the following may be a source of ignition when rescuing people who are trapped in a car that has stopped off the roadway in a field of dried grass?A. BatteryB. Mobile radioC. Leaking coolant

D. Catalytic converter