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 Photo by: Wikipedia Creative Commons The end of the might Han Dynasty was from 189 to 220 A.D. (about the time of its last ruler, the Emperor Xian). The dynasty was about to fall apart as there were so many factions fighting for the throne. Also, internal struggle amongst the family led to the destruction of the dynasty. These factions composed of warlords and different nobles and even officials from the imperial court. Cao Cao, one of the warlords then, began to unify the empire, under the rule of Emperor Xian. Later he escorted Emperor Xian to his base back in Xu and a new capital was established there. Cao Cao began to rule the empire, with Emperor Xian at the throne. But his attempt to unify the Han Empire was foiled when two warlords leading the southern forces met with the Han army at the Battle of Red Cliffs. The Battle of Red Cliffs was fought in the winter of 208/209 A.D. between the northern forces of the warlord Cao Cao whose soldiers were more superior in number, against the allied forces of warlord Sun Quan and warlord Liu Bei who united their southern forces. The Han army was defeated in the battle and Cao Cao was forced to retreat to his home base. The Han Dynasty formally ended in 220 A.D. when the son of Cao Cao, named Cao Pi forces the Emperor Xian from his throne. When Cao Pi assumed the throne for himself, he became the emperor of Cao Wei, a new state. A year after this, Liu Be made himself as the emperor of Shu Han. In 229 A.D, Sun Quan too made himself as the emperor of Shu Han. Thus began a new period in China called the Three Kingdoms. The Han Dynasty ruled for over two hundred years. Its rise and fall are all part of what makes China the country that it is today. Chinese civilization and culture owes a lot to the mighty Han Dynasty. The end of the Han dynasty refers to the period of Chinese history from 189 to 220 CE, which roughly coincides with the tumultuous reign of the Han dynasty's last ruler, Emperor Xian. During this period, the country was thrown into turmoil by the Yellow Turban Rebellion. Meanwhile, the Han Empire's institutions were destroyed by the warlord Dong Zhuo and fractured into regional regimes ruled by various warlords, some of whom were nobles and officials of the Han imperial court. Eventually, one of those warlords, Cao Cao, was able to gradually reunify the empire, ostensibly under Emperor Xian's rule, but the empire was actually controlled by Cao Cao himself. Wikipedia
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The Han dynasty was the second great imperial dynasty of China (206 BCE–220 CE), after the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BCE). It succeeded the Qin dynasty (221–207 BCE). The Han dynasty had a dominant effect on Chinese history and culture, and its governmental, cultural, and technological achievements were emulated by the dynasties that followed. The Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) is known its long reign and its achievements, which included the development of the civil service and government structure; scientific advancements such as the invention of paper, use of water clocks and sundials to measure time, and development of a seismograph; the Yuefu, which compiled descriptions of music; the Shiji, a history written by Sima Qian; the fu, a poetic form; and lacquerwork and woven silk. The Han dynasty was founded in 206 BCE by Liu Bang, who led the revolt against the repressive policies of the preceding Qin dynasty and became the Gaozu emperor (reigned 206–195 BCE). By the end of the 2nd century CE, the Han empire had declined after a period of chaos, from which three centres of political power emerged (Three Kingdoms). In 220 CE Xiandi, the last Han emperor, ceded the throne to Cao Pi, who thereby became the heir of the empire and the first ruler of the Wei dynasty in one region. Han generals took over two other regions, creating the Shu-Han and Wu empires. China: Han dynasty Han dynasty, Wade-Giles romanization Han, the second great imperial dynasty of China (206 bce–220 ce), after the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 bce). It succeeded the Qin dynasty (221–207 bce). So thoroughly did the Han dynasty establish what was thereafter considered Chinese culture that “Han” became the Chinese word denoting someone who is ethnically Chinese. ceramic horse The dynasty was founded by Liu Bang, later the Gaozu emperor (reigned 206–195 bce), a man of humble birth who led the revolt against the repressive policies of the preceding short-lived Qin dynasty. The Han copied the highly centralized Qin administrative structure, dividing the country into a series of administrative areas ruled by centrally appointed officials and developing a salaried bureaucracy in which promotion was based primarily on merit. Unlike the Qin, however, the Han adopted a Confucian ideology that emphasized moderation, virtue, and filial piety and thereby masked the authoritarian policies of the regime. So successful was that policy that the Han lasted longer than any other Chinese empire, reigning—with a short interruption when Wang Mang temporarily usurped the throne and established the Xin dynasty (9–25 ce)—for more than 400 years. Eleven members of the Liu family followed in the Gaozu emperor’s place until 6 ce (a 12th briefly occupied the throne as a puppet). In 25 ce the authority of the Han dynasty was reaffirmed by Liu Xiu (posthumous name Guangwudi), who reigned as Han emperor until 57. Thirteen of his descendants maintained the dynastic succession until 220, when the rule of a single empire was replaced by that of three separate kingdoms. (See Three Kingdoms [Sanguo].) Some scholars divide the Han into two sections. The period before Wang Mang’s usurpation—when the capital was in the western Chinese city of Chang’an (now Xi’an, Shaanxi province)—is called the Qian (Former), or Xi (Western) Han (206 bce–25 ce), and the period after Wang Mang—when the capital was moved eastward to Luoyang (in present-day Henan province—is named the Hou (Later), or Dong (Eastern), Han (25–220 ce). The four centuries in question, however, may be treated as a single historical period by virtue of dynastic continuity, for, apart from the short interval of 9–25, imperial authority was unquestionably vested in successive members of the same family, although the period was one of considerable changes in imperial, political, and social development. Organs of government were established, tried, modified, or replaced, and new social distinctions were brought into being. Chinese prestige among other peoples varied with the political stability and military strength of the Han house, and the extent of territory that was subject to the jurisdiction of Han officials varied with the success of Han arms. At the same time, the example of the palace, the activities of government, and the growing luxuries of city life gave rise to new standards of cultural and technological achievement.
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When did the han dynasty end
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