What is the main function of vitamin E?

Vitamin E helps maintain healthy skin and eyes, and strengthen the body's natural defence against illness and infection (the immune system).

Vitamin E is a group of compounds found in a wide variety of foods.

Good sources include:

  • plant oils – such as rapeseed (vegetable oil), sunflower, soya, corn and olive oil
  • nuts and seeds
  • wheatgerm – found in cereals and cereal product

The amount of vitamin E you need is:

  • 4mg a day for men
  • 3mg a day for women

You should be able to get all the vitamin E you need from your diet.

Any vitamin E your body does not need immediately is stored for future use, so you do not need it in your diet every day.

There is not enough evidence to know what the effects might be of taking high doses of vitamin E supplements each day.

You should be able to get the amount of vitamin E you need by eating a varied and balanced diet.

If you take vitamin E supplements, do not take too much as this could be harmful.

Taking 540mg (800 IU) or less a day of vitamin E supplements is unlikely to cause any harm.

Page last reviewed: 03 August 2020
Next review due: 03 August 2023

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Gridley, G., McLaughlin, J. K., Block, G., Blot, W. J., Winn, D. M., Greenberg, R. S., Schoenberg, J. B., Preston-Martin, S., Austin, D. F., and Fraumeni, J. F., Jr. Diet and oral and pharyngeal cancer among blacks. Nutr.Cancer 1990;14(3-4):219-225. View abstract.

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Gritz, D. C., Srinivasan, M., Smith, S. D., Kim, U., Lietman, T. M., Wilkins, J. H., Priyadharshini, B., John, R. K., Aravind, S., Prajna, N. V., Duraisami, Thulasiraj R., and Whitcher, J. P. The Antioxidants in Prevention of Cataracts Study: effects of antioxidant supplements on cataract progression in South India. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(7):847-851. View abstract.

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Gueguen, S., Pirollet, P., Leroy, P., Guilland, J. C., Arnaud, J., Paille, F., Siest, G., Visvikis, S., Hercberg, S., and Herbeth, B. Changes in serum retinol, alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, carotenoids, xinc and selenium after micronutrient supplementation during alcohol rehabilitation. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 2003;22(4):303-310. View abstract.

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Harrington B, James K. Management of chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathies with daily vitamin E. Commun Nurs Res 2010;43:604.

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Hemila, H. and Kaprio, J. Vitamin E supplementation may transiently increase tuberculosis risk in males who smoke heavily and have high dietary vitamin C intake. Br J Nutr 2008;100(4):896-902. View abstract.

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Hercberg, S., Kesse-Guyot, E., Druesne-Pecollo, N., Touvier, M., Favier, A., Latino-Martel, P., Briancon, S., and Galan, P. Incidence of cancers, ischemic cardiovascular diseases and mortality during 5-year follow-up after stopping antioxidant vitamins and minerals supplements: a postintervention follow-up in the SU.VI.MAX Study. Int.J.Cancer 10-15-2010;127(8):1875-1881. View abstract.

Hino, K., Murakami, Y., Nagai, A., Kitase, A., Hara, Y., Furutani, T., Ren, F., Yamaguchi, Y., Yutoku, K., Yamashita, S., Okuda, M., Okita, M., and Okita, K. Alpha-tocopherol [corrected] and ascorbic acid attenuates the ribavirin [corrected] induced decrease of eicosapentaenoic acid in erythrocyte membrane in chronic hepatitis C patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21(8):1269-1275. View abstract.

Hirvonen, T., Virtamo, J., Korhonen, P., Albanes, D., and Pietinen, P. Intake of flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and risk of stroke in male smokers. Stroke 2000;31(10):2301-2306. View abstract.

Hittner, H. M., Godio, L. B., Rudolph, A. J., Adams, J. M., Garcia-Prats, J. A., Friedman, Z., Kautz, J. A., and Monaco, W. A. Retrolental fibroplasia: efficacy of vitamin E in a double-blind clinical study of preterm infants. N.Engl.J.Med. 12-3-1981;305(23):1365-1371. View abstract.

Hittner, H. M., Speer, M. E., Rudolph, A. J., Blifeld, C., Chadda, P., Holbein, M. E., Godio, L. B., and Kretzer, F. L. Retrolental fibroplasia and vitamin E in the preterm infant--comparison of oral versus intramuscular:oral administration. Pediatrics 1984;73(2):238-249. View abstract.

Hodis, H. N., Mack, W. J., LaBree, L., Mahrer, P. R., Sevanian, A., Liu, C. R., Liu, C. H., Hwang, J., Selzer, R. H., and Azen, S. P. Alpha-tocopherol supplementation in healthy individuals reduces low-density lipoprotein oxidation but not atherosclerosis: the Vitamin E Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (VEAPS). Circulation 9-17-2002;106(12):1453-1459. View abstract.

Hofstad, B., Almendingen, K., Vatn, M., Andersen, S. N., Owen, R. W., Larsen, S., and Osnes, M. Growth and recurrence of colorectal polyps: a double-blind 3-year intervention with calcium and antioxidants. Digestion 1998;59(2):148-156. View abstract.

Hu, J., La, Vecchia C., Negri, E., Chatenoud, L., Bosetti, C., Jia, X., Liu, R., Huang, G., Bi, D., and Wang, C. Diet and brain cancer in adults: a case-control study in northeast China. Int.J.Cancer 3-31-1999;81(1):20-23. View abstract.

Huang, H. Y., Caballero, B., Chang, S., Alberg, A. J., Semba, R. D., Schneyer, C. R., Wilson, R. F., Cheng, T. Y., Vassy, J., Prokopowicz, G., Barnes, G. J., and Bass, E. B. The efficacy and safety of multivitamin and mineral supplement use to prevent cancer and chronic disease in adults: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health state-of-the-science conference. Ann.Intern.Med. 9-5-2006;145(5):372-385. View abstract.

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Hunnisett, A., Davies, S., McLaren-Howard, J., Gravett, P., Finn, M., and Gueret-Wardle, D. Lipoperoxides as an index of free radical activity in bone marrow transplant recipients. Preliminary observations. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 1995;47(1-3):125-132. View abstract.

Hunter, D. J., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., Rosner, B., Willett, W. C., and Speizer, F. E. Diet and risk of basal cell carcinoma of the skin in a prospective cohort of women. Ann.Epidemiol. 1992;2(3):231-239. View abstract.

Ideo, G., Bellobuono, A., Tempini, S., Mondazzi, L., Airoldi, A., Benetti, G., Bissoli, F., Cestari, C., Colombo, E., Del, Poggio P., Fracassetti, O., Lazzaroni, S., Marelli, A., Paris, B., Prada, A., Rainer, E., and Roffi, L. Antioxidant drugs combined with alpha-interferon in chronic hepatitis C not responsive to alpha-interferon alone: a randomized, multicentre study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;11(11):1203-1207. View abstract.

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Ito, Y., Suzuki, K., Ishii, J., Hishida, H., Tamakoshi, A., Hamajima, N., and Aoki, K. A population-based follow-up study on mortality from cancer or cardiovascular disease and serum carotenoids, retinol and tocopherols in Japanese inhabitants. Asian Pac.J.Cancer Prev. 2006;7(4):533-546. View abstract.

Jaakkola, K., Lahteenmaki, P., Laakso, J., Harju, E., Tykka, H., and Mahlberg, K. Treatment with antioxidant and other nutrients in combination with chemotherapy and irradiation in patients with small-cell lung cancer. Anticancer Res. 1992;12(3):599-606. View abstract.

Jacobson, J. S., Begg, M. D., Wang, L. W., Wang, Q., Agarwal, M., Norkus, E., Singh, V. N., Young, T. L., Yang, D., and Santella, R. M. Effects of a 6-month vitamin intervention on DNA damage in heavy smokers. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2000;9(12):1303-1311. View abstract.

Jansen, M. C., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B., Buzina, R., Fidanza, F., Menotti, A., Blackburn, H., Nissinen, A. M., Kok, F. J., and Kromhout, D. Dietary fiber and plant foods in relation to colorectal cancer mortality: the Seven Countries Study. Int.J.Cancer 4-12-1999;81(2):174-179. View abstract.

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Javanbakht, M. H., Keshavarz, S. A., Djalali, M., Siassi, F., Eshraghian, M. R., Firooz, A., Seirafi, H., Ehsani, A. H., Chamari, M., and Mirshafiey, A. Randomized controlled trial using vitamins E and D supplementation in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatolog.Treat. 2011;22(3):144-150. View abstract.

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Lehtinen, M., Luostarinen, T., Youngman, L. D., Anttila, T., Dillner, J., Hakulinen, T., Koskela, P., Lenner, P., and Hallmans, G. Low levels of serum vitamins A and E in blood and subsequent risk for cervical cancer: interaction with HPV seropositivity. Nutr.Cancer 1999;34(2):229-234. View abstract.

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Levy, A. P., Gerstein, H. C., Miller-Lotan, R., Ratner, R., McQueen, M., Lonn, E., and Pogue, J. The effect of vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular risk in diabetic individuals with different haptoglobin phenotypes. Diabetes Care 2004;27(11):2767. View abstract.

Li, B., Taylor, P. R., Li, J. Y., Dawsey, S. M., Wang, W., Tangrea, J. A., Liu, B. Q., Ershow, A. G., Zheng, S. F., Fraumeni, J. F., Jr., and . Linxian nutrition intervention trials. Design, methods, participant characteristics, and compliance. Ann Epidemiol. 1993;3(6):577-585. View abstract.

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Li, H., Li, H. Q., Wang, Y., Xu, H. X., Fan, W. T., Wang, M. L., Sun, P. H., and Xie, X. Y. An intervention study to prevent gastric cancer by micro-selenium and large dose of allitridum. Chin Med.J.(Engl.) 2004;117(8):1155-1160. View abstract.

Li, J. Y., Taylor, P. R., Li, B., Dawsey, S., Wang, G. Q., Ershow, A. G., Guo, W., Liu, S. F., Yang, C. S., Shen, Q., and . Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: multiple vitamin/mineral supplementation, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality among adults with esophageal dysplasia. J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 9-15-1993;85(18):1492-1498. View abstract.

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Lin, J., Cook, N. R., Albert, C., Zaharris, E., Gaziano, J. M., Van, Denburgh M., Buring, J. E., and Manson, J. E. Vitamins C and E and beta carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a randomized controlled trial. J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 1-7-2009;101(1):14-23. View abstract.

Lindor, K. D., Kowdley, K. V., Heathcote, E. J., Harrison, M. E., Jorgensen, R., Angulo, P., Lymp, J. F., Burgart, L., and Colin, P. Ursodeoxycholic acid for treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a randomized trial. Hepatology 2004;39(3):770-778. View abstract.

Liu, B. A., McGeer, A., McArthur, M. A., Simor, A. E., Aghdassi, E., Davis, L., and Allard, J. P. Effect of multivitamin and mineral supplementation on episodes of infection in nursing home residents: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J.Am.Geriatr.Soc. 2007;55(1):35-42. View abstract.

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Lloret, A., Badia, M. C., Mora, N. J., Pallardo, F. V., Alonso, M. D., and Vina, J. Vitamin E paradox in Alzheimer's disease: it does not prevent loss of cognition and may even be detrimental. J.Alzheimers.Dis. 2009;17(1):143-149. View abstract.

Lockwood, K., Moesgaard, S., Hanioka, T., and Folkers, K. Apparent partial remission of breast cancer in 'high risk' patients supplemented with nutritional antioxidants, essential fatty acids and coenzyme Q10. Mol.Aspects Med 1994;15 Suppl:s231-s240. View abstract.

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London, R. S., Sundaram, G. S., Murphy, L., and Goldstein, P. J. Evaluation and treatment of breast symptoms in patients with the premenstrual syndrome. J.Reprod.Med. 1983;28(8):503-508. View abstract.

London, R. S., Sundaram, G., Manimekalai, S., Murphy, L., Reynolds, M., and Goldstein, P. The effect of alpha-tocopherol on premenstrual symptomatology: a double-blind study. II. Endocrine correlates. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1984;3(4):351-356. View abstract.

Longnecker, M. P., Martin-Moreno, J. M., Knekt, P., Nomura, A. M., Schober, S. E., Stahelin, H. B., Wald, N. J., Gey, K. F., and Willett, W. C. Serum alpha-tocopherol concentration in relation to subsequent colorectal cancer: pooled data from five cohorts. J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 3-18-1992;84(6):430-435. View abstract.

Look, M. P., Gerard, A., Rao, G. S., Sudhop, T., Fischer, H. P., Sauerbruch, T., and Spengler, U. Interferon/antioxidant combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C--a controlled pilot trial. Antiviral Res 1999;43(2):113-122. View abstract.

Lopez, I., Goudou, C., Ribrag, V., Sauvage, C., Hazebroucq, G., and Dreyfus, F. [Treatment of mucositis with vitamin E during administration of neutropenic antineoplastic agents]. Ann.Med.Interne (Paris) 1994;145(6):405-408. View abstract.

Magliano, D., McNeil, J., Branley, P., Shiel, L., Demos, L., Wolfe, R., Kotsopoulos, D., and McGrath, B. The Melbourne Atherosclerosis Vitamin E Trial (MAVET): a study of high dose vitamin E in smokers. Eur.J.Cardiovasc.Prev.Rehabil. 2006;13(3):341-347. View abstract.

Mahady, S. E., Wong, G., Craig, J. C., and George, J. Pioglitazone and vitamin E for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a cost utility analysis. Hepatology 2012;56(6):2172-2179. View abstract.

Malila, N., Taylor, P. R., Virtanen, M. J., Korhonen, P., Huttunen, J. K., Albanes, D., and Virtamo, J. Effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on gastric cancer incidence in male smokers (ATBC Study, Finland). Cancer Causes Control 2002;13(7):617-623. View abstract.

Malila, N., Virtamo, J., Virtanen, M., Pietinen, P., Albanes, D., and Teppo, L. Dietary and serum alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and retinol, and risk for colorectal cancer in male smokers. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2002;56(7):615-621. View abstract.

Manders, M., de Groot, L. C., van Staveren, W. A., Wouters-Wesseling, W., Mulders, A. J., Schols, J. M., and Hoefnagels, W. H. Effectiveness of nutritional supplements on cognitive functioning in elderly persons: a systematic review. J Gerontol.A Biol.Sci Med Sci 2004;59(10):1041-1049. View abstract.

Mann, J. F., Lonn, E. M., Yi, Q., Gerstein, H. C., Hoogwerf, B. J., Pogue, J., Bosch, J., Dagenais, G. R., and Yusuf, S. Effects of vitamin E on cardiovascular outcomes in people with mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency: results of the HOPE study. Kidney Int. 2004;65(4):1375-1380. View abstract.

Manny, T., Pettus, J., Hemal, A., Marks, M., and Mirzazadeh, M. Penile sclerosing lipogranulomas and disfigurement from use of "1Super Extenze" among Laotian immigrants. J.Sex Med. 2011;8(12):3505-3510. View abstract.

Manuel, Y. Keenoy, Vinckx, M., Vertommen, J., Van, Gaal L., and De, Leeuw, I. Impact of Vitamin E supplementation on lipoprotein peroxidation and composition in Type 1 diabetic patients treated with Atorvastatin. Atherosclerosis 2004;175(2):369-376. View abstract.

Manzano, D., Aguirre, A., Gardeazabal, J., Eizaguirre, X., and Diaz Perez, J. L. Allergic contact dermatitis from tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) and retinol palmitate (vitamin A) in a moisturizing cream. Contact Dermatitis 1994;31(5):324. View abstract.

Maraini, G., Williams, S. L., Sperduto, R. D., Ferris, F., Milton, R. C., Clemons, T. E., Rosmini, F., and Ferrigno, L. A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial of multivitamin supplementation for age-related lens opacities. Clinical trial of nutritional supplements and age-related cataract report no. 3. Ophthalmology 2008;115(4):599-607. View abstract.

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Mark, S. D., Wang, W., Fraumeni, J. F., Jr., Li, J. Y., Taylor, P. R., Wang, G. Q., Guo, W., Dawsey, S. M., Li, B., and Blot, W. J. Lowered risks of hypertension and cerebrovascular disease after vitamin/mineral supplementation: the Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trial. Am.J.Epidemiol. 4-1-1996;143(7):658-664. View abstract.

Marniemi, J., Jarvisalo, J., Toikka, T., Raiha, I., Ahotupa, M., and Sourander, L. Blood vitamins, mineral elements and inflammation markers as risk factors of vascular and non-vascular disease mortality in an elderly population. Int.J.Epidemiol. 1998;27(5):799-807. View abstract.

Marras, C., Lang, A. E., Oakes, D., McDermott, M. P., Kieburtz, K., Shoulson, I., Tanner, C. M., and Fahn, S. High-dosage vitamin E supplementation and all-cause mortality. Ann.Intern.Med. 7-19-2005;143(2):152-153. View abstract.

Marras, C., McDermott, M. P., Rochon, P. A., Tanner, C. M., Naglie, G., Rudolph, A., and Lang, A. E. Survival in Parkinson disease: thirteen-year follow-up of the DATATOP cohort. Neurology 1-11-2005;64(1):87-93. View abstract.

Martin-Jimenez, M., Diaz-Rubio, E., Gonzalez Larriba, J. L., and Sangro, B. Failure of high-dose tocopherol to prevent alopecia induced by doxorubicin. N.Engl.J.Med. 10-2-1986;315(14):894-895. View abstract.

Martinoli, L., Di, Felice M., Seghieri, G., Ciuti, M., De Giorgio, L. A., Fazzini, A., Gori, R., Anichini, R., and Franconi, F. Plasma retinol and alpha-tocopherol concentrations in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: their relationship to microvascular complications. Int J Vitam.Nutr Res 1993;63(2):87-92. View abstract.

Mas, E., Dupuy, A. M., Artero, S., Portet, F., Cristol, J. P., Ritchie, K., and Touchon, J. Functional Vitamin E deficiency in ApoE4 patients with Alzheimer's disease. Dement.Geriatr.Cogn Disord. 2006;21(3):198-204. View abstract.

Mathew, M. C., Ervin, A. M., Tao, J., and Davis, R. M. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;6:CD004567. View abstract.

Maxwell, C. J., Hicks, M. S., Hogan, D. B., Basran, J., and Ebly, E. M. Supplemental use of antioxidant vitamins and subsequent risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Dement.Geriatr.Cogn Disord. 2005;20(1):45-51. View abstract.

Mayer-Davis, E. J., Bell, R. A., Reboussin, B. A., Rushing, J., Marshall, J. A., and Hamman, R. F. Antioxidant nutrient intake and diabetic retinopathy: the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Ophthalmology 1998;105(12):2264-2270. View abstract.

McCance, D. R., Holmes, V. A., Maresh, M. J., Patterson, C. C., Walker, J. D., Pearson, D. W., and Young, I. S. Vitamins C and E for prevention of pre-eclampsia in women with type 1 diabetes (DAPIT): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 7-24-2010;376(9737):259-266. View abstract.

McGinness, J. E., Grossie, B., Jr., Proctor, P. H., Benjamin, R. S., Gulati, O. P., and Hokanson, J. A. Effect of dose schedule of vitamin E and hydroxethylruticide on intestinal toxicity induced by adriamycin. Physiol Chem.Phys.Med.NMR 1986;18(1):17-24. View abstract.

McNeil, J. J., Robman, L., Tikellis, G., Sinclair, M. I., McCarty, C. A., and Taylor, H. R. Vitamin E supplementation and cataract: randomized controlled trial. Ophthalmology 2004;111(1):75-84. View abstract.

Melhorn, D. K. and Gross, S. Vitamin E-dependent anemia in the premature infant. II. Relationships between gestational age and absorption of vitamin E. J.Pediatr. 1971;79(4):581-588. View abstract.

Menkes, M. S., Comstock, G. W., Vuilleumier, J. P., Helsing, K. J., Rider, A. A., and Brookmeyer, R. Serum beta-carotene, vitamins A and E, selenium, and the risk of lung cancer. N.Engl.J.Med. 11-13-1986;315(20):1250-1254. View abstract.

Meraji, S., Abuja, P. M., Hayn, M., Kostner, G. M., Morris, R., Oraii, S., Tatzber, F., Wonisch, W., Zechner, R., and Gey, K. F. Relationship between classic risk factors, plasma antioxidants and indicators of oxidant stress in angina pectoris (AP) in Tehran. Atherosclerosis 2000;150(2):403-412. View abstract.

Merat, S., Malekzadeh, R., Sohrabi, M. R., Sotoudeh, M., Rakhshani, N., Sohrabpour, A. A., and Naserimoghadam, S. Probucol in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a double-blind randomized controlled study. J.Hepatol. 2003;38(4):414-418. View abstract.

Meydani, S. N., Han, S. N., and Hamer, D. H. Vitamin E and respiratory infection in the elderly. Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 2004;1031:214-222. View abstract.

Mezey, E., Potter, J. J., Rennie-Tankersley, L., Caballeria, J., and Pares, A. A randomized placebo controlled trial of vitamin E for alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2004;40(1):40-46. View abstract.

Mezzetti, M., La, Vecchia C., Decarli, A., Boyle, P., Talamini, R., and Franceschi, S. Population attributable risk for breast cancer: diet, nutrition, and physical exercise. J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 3-4-1998;90(5):389-394. View abstract.

Millen, A. E., Gruber, M., Klein, R., Klein, B. E., Palta, M., and Mares, J. A. Relations of serum ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol to diabetic retinopathy in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am.J Epidemiol. 8-1-2003;158(3):225-233. View abstract.

Millen, A. E., Klein, R., Folsom, A. R., Stevens, J., Palta, M., and Mares, J. A. Relation between intake of vitamins C and E and risk of diabetic retinopathy in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am.J Clin.Nutr 2004;79(5):865-873. View abstract.

Milman, U., Blum, S., Shapira, C., Aronson, D., Miller-Lotan, R., Anbinder, Y., Alshiek, J., Bennett, L., Kostenko, M., Landau, M., Keidar, S., Levy, Y., Khemlin, A., Radan, A., and Levy, A. P. Vitamin E supplementation reduces cardiovascular events in a subgroup of middle-aged individuals with both type 2 diabetes mellitus and the haptoglobin 2-2 genotype: a prospective double-blinded clinical trial. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 2008;28(2):341-347. View abstract.

Misirlioglu, C. H., Demirkasimoglu, T., Kucukplakci, B., Sanri, E., and Altundag, K. Pentoxifylline and alpha-tocopherol in prevention of radiation-induced lung toxicity in patients with lung cancer. Med.Oncol. 2007;24(3):308-311. View abstract.

Mitchinson, M. J., Stephens, N. G., Parsons, A., Bligh, E., Schofield, P. M., and Brown, M. J. Mortality in the CHAOS trial. Lancet 1-30-1999;353(9150):381-382. View abstract.

Miyake, Y., Fukushima, W., Tanaka, K., Sasaki, S., Kiyohara, C., Tsuboi, Y., Yamada, T., Oeda, T., Miki, T., Kawamura, N., Sakae, N., Fukuyama, H., Hirota, Y., and Nagai, M. Dietary intake of antioxidant vitamins and risk of Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in Japan. Eur.J.Neurol. 2011;18(1):106-113. View abstract.

Montano Velazquez, B. B., Jauregui-Renaud, K., Banuelos Arias, Adel C., Ayala, J. C., Martinez, M. D., Campillo, Navarrete R., Rosalia, I. S., Salazar, Mdel R., Serrano, H. A., Mondragon, A. O., and Perez, R. L. Vitamin E effects on nasal symptoms and serum specific IgE levels in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Ann.Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;96(1):45-50. View abstract.

Mooney, L. A., Madsen, A. M., Tang, D., Orjuela, M. A., Tsai, W. Y., Garduno, E. R., and Perera, F. P. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation reduces benzo(a)pyrene-DNA adducts and potential cancer risk in female smokers. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(1):237-242. View abstract.

Moorman, P. G., Ricciuti, M. F., Millikan, R. C., and Newman, B. Vitamin supplement use and breast cancer in a North Carolina population. Public Health Nutr 2001;4(3):821-827. View abstract.

Morris, C. R. and Agin, M. C. Syndrome of allergy, apraxia, and malabsorption: characterization of a neurodevelopmental phenotype that responds to omega 3 and vitamin E supplementation. Altern.Ther Health Med. 2009;15(4):34-43. View abstract.

Morris, D. L., Kritchevsky, S. B., and Davis, C. E. Serum carotenoids and coronary heart disease. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial and Follow-up Study. JAMA 11-9-1994;272(18):1439-1441. View abstract.

Morris, M. C. Nutritional determinants of cognitive aging and dementia. Proc.Nutr.Soc. 2012;71(1):1-13. View abstract.

Morris, M. C., Evans, D. A., Bienias, J. L., Tangney, C. C., Bennett, D. A., Aggarwal, N., Wilson, R. S., and Scherr, P. A. Dietary intake of antioxidant nutrients and the risk of incident Alzheimer disease in a biracial community study. JAMA 6-26-2002;287(24):3230-3237. View abstract.

Morrissey, P. A. and Sheehy, P. J. Optimal nutrition: vitamin E. Proc.Nutr.Soc. 1999;58(2):459-468. View abstract.

Mortality in DATATOP: a multicenter trial in early Parkinson's disease. Parkinson Study Group. Ann.Neurol. 1998;43(3):318-325. View abstract.

Moyad, M. A. Conventional and alternative medical advice for cold and flu prevention: what should be recommended and what should be avoided? Urol.Nurs. 2009;29(6):455-458. View abstract.

MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 7-6-2002;360(9326):7-22. View abstract.

Munoz, N., Wahrendorf, J., Bang, L. J., Crespi, M., Thurnham, D. I., Day, N. E., Ji, Z. H., Grassi, A., Yan, L. W., Lin, L. G., and . No effect of riboflavine, retinol, and zinc on prevalence of precancerous lesions of oesophagus. Randomised double-blind intervention study in high-risk population of China. Lancet 7-20-1985;2(8447):111-114. View abstract.

Muntwyler, J., Hennekens, C. H., Manson, J. E., Buring, J. E., and Gaziano, J. M. Vitamin supplement use in a low-risk population of US male physicians and subsequent cardiovascular mortality. Arch.Intern.Med. 7-8-2002;162(13):1472-1476. View abstract.

Murakami, Y., Nagai, A., Kawakami, T., Hino, K., Kitase, A., Hara, Y., Okuda, M., Okita, K., and Okita, M. Vitamin E and C supplementation prevents decrease of eicosapentaenoic acid in mononuclear cells in chronic hepatitis C patients during combination therapy of interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin. Nutrition 2006;22(2):114-122. View abstract.

Musso, G., Cassader, M., Rosina, F., and Gambino, R. Impact of current treatments on liver disease, glucose metabolism and cardiovascular risk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Diabetologia 2012;55(4):885-904. View abstract.

Myung, S. K., Ju, W., Cho, B., Oh, S. W., Park, S. M., Koo, B. K., and Park, B. J. Efficacy of vitamin and antioxidant supplements in prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2013;346:f10. View abstract.

Myung, S. K., Ju, W., Kim, S. C., and Kim, H. Vitamin or antioxidant intake (or serum level) and risk of cervical neoplasm: a meta-analysis. BJOG. 2011;118(11):1285-1291. View abstract.

Nakayama, A., Alladin, K. P., Igbokwe, O., and White, J. D. Systematic review: generating evidence-based guidelines on the concurrent use of dietary antioxidants and chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Cancer Invest 2011;29(10):655-667. View abstract.

Negri, E., La, Vecchia C., Franceschi, S., D'Avanzo, B., Talamini, R., Parpinel, M., Ferraroni, M., Filiberti, R., Montella, M., Falcini, F., Conti, E., and Decarli, A. Intake of selected micronutrients and the risk of breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1-17-1996;65(2):140-144. View abstract.

Neupane, B., Walter, S. D., Krueger, P., Marrie, T., and Loeb, M. Predictors of inhospital mortality and re-hospitalization in older adults with community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective cohort study. BMC.Geriatr. 2010;10:22. View abstract.

Nguyen, T. T., Cox, C. S., Traber, D. L., Gasser, H., Redl, H., Schlag, G., and Herndon, D. N. Free radical activity and loss of plasma antioxidants, vitamin E, and sulfhydryl groups in patients with burns: the 1993 Moyer Award. J.Burn Care Rehabil. 1993;14(6):602-609. View abstract.

No author. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 7-6-2002;360(9326):23-33. View abstract.

No author. The alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene lung cancer prevention study: design, methods, participant characteristics, and compliance. The ATBC Cancer Prevention Study Group. Ann.Epidemiol. 1994;4(1):1-10. View abstract.

Nobili, V., Manco, M., Devito, R., Ciampalini, P., Piemonte, F., and Marcellini, M. Effect of vitamin E on aminotransferase levels and insulin resistance in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. 2006;24(11-12):1553-1561. View abstract.

Nobili, V., Manco, M., Devito, R., Di, Ciommo, V, Comparcola, D., Sartorelli, M. R., Piemonte, F., Marcellini, M., and Angulo, P. Lifestyle intervention and antioxidant therapy in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology 2008;48(1):119-128. View abstract.

Nojiri, S., Daida, H., Mokuno, H., Iwama, Y., Mae, K., Ushio, F., and Ueki, T. Association of serum antioxidant capacity with coronary artery disease in middle-aged men. Jpn.Heart J. 2001;42(6):677-690. View abstract.

Nomura, A. M., Stemmermann, G. N., Heilbrun, L. K., Salkeld, R. M., and Vuilleumier, J. P. Serum vitamin levels and the risk of cancer of specific sites in men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii. Cancer Res. 1985;45(5):2369-2372. View abstract.

Nomura, A. M., Stemmermann, G. N., Lee, J., and Craft, N. E. Serum micronutrients and prostate cancer in Japanese Americans in Hawaii. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 1997;6(7):487-491. View abstract.

Nomura, A. M., Ziegler, R. G., Stemmermann, G. N., Chyou, P. H., and Craft, N. E. Serum micronutrients and upper aerodigestive tract cancer. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 1997;6(6):407-412. View abstract.

Nouraie, M., Pietinen, P., Kamangar, F., Dawsey, S. M., Abnet, C. C., Albanes, D., Virtamo, J., and Taylor, P. R. Fruits, vegetables, and antioxidants and risk of gastric cancer among male smokers. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(9):2087-2092. View abstract.

Nussenblatt, R. B., Kim, J., Thompson, D. J., Davis, M. D., Chew, E., Ferris, F. L., and Buggage, R. Vitamin E in the treatment of uveitis-associated macular edema. Am.J.Ophthalmol. 2006;141(1):193-194. View abstract.

O'Brien, J. T. and Burns, A. Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: a revised (second) consensus statement from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2011;25(8):997-1019. View abstract.

Odigwe, C. C., Smedslund, G., Ejemot-Nwadiaro, R. I., Anyanechi, C. C., and Krawinkel, M. B. Supplementary vitamin E, selenium, cysteine and riboflavin for preventing kwashiorkor in preschool children in developing countries. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2010;(4):CD008147. View abstract.

Ohrvall, M., Sundlof, G., and Vessby, B. Gamma, but not alpha, tocopherol levels in serum are reduced in coronary heart disease patients. J Intern.Med 1996;239(2):111-117. View abstract.

Okamoto, K., Kihira, T., Kobashi, G., Washio, M., Sasaki, S., Yokoyama, T., Miyake, Y., Sakamoto, N., Inaba, Y., and Nagai, M. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Japan. Neuroepidemiology 2009;32(4):251-256. View abstract.

Okuda, M., Bando, N., Terao, J., Sasaki, S., Sugiyama, S., Kunitsugu, I., and Hobara, T. Association of serum carotenoids and tocopherols with atopic diseases in Japanese children and adolescents. Pediatr.Allergy Immunol. 2010;21(4 Pt 2):e705-e710. View abstract.

Pacht, E. R., Diaz, P., Clanton, T., Hart, J., and Gadek, J. E. Serum vitamin E decreases in HIV-seropositive subjects over time. J.Lab Clin.Med. 1997;130(3):293-296. View abstract.

Palli, D., Russo, A., and Decarli, A. Dietary patterns, nutrient intake and gastric cancer in a high-risk area of Italy. Cancer Causes Control 2001;12(2):163-172. View abstract.

Pamuk, G. E. and Sonsuz, A. N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J.Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 2003;18(10):1220-1221. View abstract.

Papadimitrakopoulou, V. A., Clayman, G. L., Shin, D. M., Myers, J. N., Gillenwater, A. M., Goepfert, H., El-Naggar, A. K., Lewin, J. S., Lippman, S. M., and Hong, W. K. Biochemoprevention for dysplastic lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract. Arch.Otolaryngol.Head Neck Surg. 1999;125(10):1083-1089. View abstract.

Papaioannou, D., Cooper, K. L., Carroll, C., Hind, D., Squires, H., Tappenden, P., and Logan, R. F. Antioxidants in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer and colorectal adenomas in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis. 2011;13(10):1085-1099. View abstract.

Papila C, Papila I Bilir M Cagatay T Yanardag H et al. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on natural killer cell activity in patients with solid tumors. Journal of BU On 1999;4:435-437.

Patel, B. P. and Hamadeh, M. J. Nutritional and exercise-based interventions in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clin Nutr. 2009;28(6):604-617. View abstract.

Pathak, A. K., Bhutani, M., Guleria, R., Bal, S., Mohan, A., Mohanti, B. K., Sharma, A., Pathak, R., Bhardwaj, N. K., Prasad, K. N., and Kochupillai, V. Chemotherapy alone vs. chemotherapy plus high dose multiple antioxidants in patients with advanced non small cell lung cancer. J Am.Coll.Nutr 2005;24(1):16-21. View abstract.

Peet, M., Laugharne, J., Rangarajan, N., and Reynolds, G. P. Tardive dyskinesia, lipid peroxidation, and sustained amelioration with vitamin E treatment. Int.Clin.Psychopharmacol. 1993;8(3):151-153. View abstract.

Penn, N. D., Purkins, L., Kelleher, J., Heatley, R. V., Mascie-Taylor, B. H., and Belfield, P. W. The effect of dietary supplementation with vitamins A, C and E on cell-mediated immune function in elderly long-stay patients: a randomized controlled trial. Age Ageing 1991;20(3):169-174. View abstract.

Perez, J. E., Macchiavelli, M., Leone, B. A., Romero, A., Rabinovich, M. G., Goldar, D., and Vallejo, C. High-dose alpha-tocopherol as a preventive of doxorubicin-induced alopecia. Cancer Treat.Rep. 1986;70(10):1213-1214. View abstract.

Perez, L., Heim, L., Sherzai, A., Jaceldo-Siegl, K., and Sherzai, A. Nutrition and vascular dementia. J.Nutr.Health Aging 2012;16(4):319-324. View abstract.

Pfeiffer, J. M., Askew, E. W., Roberts, D. E., Wood, S. M., Benson, J. E., Johnson, S. C., and Freedman, M. S. Effect of antioxidant supplementation on urine and blood markers of oxidative stress during extended moderate-altitude training. Wilderness.Environ.Med 1999;10(2):66-74. View abstract.

Pham, D. Q. and Plakogiannis, R. Vitamin E supplementation in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, tardive dyskinesia, and cataract: Part 2. Ann.Pharmacother. 2005;39(12):2065-2072. View abstract.

Pham, D. Q. and Plakogiannis, R. Vitamin E supplementation in cardiovascular disease and cancer prevention: Part 1. Ann.Pharmacother. 2005;39(11):1870-1878. View abstract.

Phelps, D. L., Rosenbaum, A. L., Isenberg, S. J., Leake, R. D., and Dorey, F. J. Tocopherol efficacy and safety for preventing retinopathy of prematurity: a randomized, controlled, double-masked trial. Pediatrics 1987;79(4):489-500. View abstract.

Piermarocchi, S., Saviano, S., Parisi, V., Tedeschi, M., Panozzo, G., Scarpa, G., Boschi, G., and Lo, Giudice G. Carotenoids in Age-related Maculopathy Italian Study (CARMIS): two-year results of a randomized study. Eur.J.Ophthalmol. 2012;22(2):216-225. View abstract.

Pike, J. and Chandra, R. K. Effect of vitamin and trace element supplementation on immune indices in healthy elderly. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1995;65(2):117-121. View abstract.

Plummer, M., Vivas, J., Lopez, G., Bravo, J. C., Peraza, S., Carillo, E., Cano, E., Castro, D., Andrade, O., Sanchez, V., Garcia, R., Buiatti, E., Aebischer, C., Franceschi, S., Oliver, W., and Munoz, N. Chemoprevention of precancerous gastric lesions with antioxidant vitamin supplementation: a randomized trial in a high-risk population. J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 1-17-2007;99(2):137-146. View abstract.

Polyzos, N. P., Mauri, D., Tsappi, M., Tzioras, S., Kamposioras, K., Cortinovis, I., and Casazza, G. Combined vitamin C and E supplementation during pregnancy for preeclampsia prevention: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol.Surv. 2007;62(3):202-206. View abstract.

Poston, L., Briley, A. L., Seed, P. T., Kelly, F. J., and Shennan, A. H. Vitamin C and vitamin E in pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia (VIP trial): randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 4-8-2006;367(9517):1145-1154. View abstract.

Poulter, J. M., White, W. F., and Dickerson, J. W. Ascorbic acid supplementation and five year survival rates in women with early breast cancer. Acta Vitaminol.Enzymol. 1984;6(3):175-182. View abstract.

Prieto Castro, R. M., Leva Vallejo, M. E., Regueiro Lopez, J. C., Anglada Curado, F. J., Alvarez, Kindelan J., and Requena Tapia, M. J. Combined treatment with vitamin E and colchicine in the early stages of Peyronie's disease. BJU.Int. 2003;91(6):522-524. View abstract.

Prince, M. I., Mitchison, H. C., Ashley, D., Burke, D. A., Edwards, N., Bramble, M. G., James, O. F., and Jones, D. E. Oral antioxidant supplementation for fatigue associated with primary biliary cirrhosis: results of a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. 2003;17(1):137-143. View abstract.

Pryor, J. P. and Farell, C. F. Controlled clinical trial of vitamin E in Peyronie's disease. Prog Reprod Biol 1983;9:41-45.

Rahimi, R., Nikfar, S., Rezaie, A., and Abdollahi, M. A meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of combined vitamin C and E supplementation in preeclamptic women. Hypertens.Pregnancy. 2009;28(4):417-434. View abstract.

Rajasekhar, D., Srinivasa Rao, P. V., Latheef, S. A., Saibaba, K. S., and Subramanyam, G. Association of serum antioxidants and risk of coronary heart disease in South Indian population. Indian J.Med.Sci. 2004;58(11):465-471. View abstract.

Ranganathan, L. N. and Ramaratnam, S. Vitamins for epilepsy. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev 2005;(2):CD004304. View abstract.

Rapola, J. M., Virtamo, J., Haukka, J. K., Heinonen, O. P., Albanes, D., Taylor, P. R., and Huttunen, J. K. Effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of angina pectoris. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. JAMA 3-6-1996;275(9):693-698. View abstract.

RATCLIFFE, A. H. Vitamin E in intermittent claudication. Lancet 12-17-1949;2(6590):1128-1130. View abstract.

Read, R. W. Uveitis: advances in understanding of pathogenesis and treatment. Curr.Rheumatol.Rep. 2006;8(4):260-266. View abstract.

Rema, M., Mohan, V., Bhaskar, A., and Shanmugasundaram, K. R. Does oxidant stress play a role in diabetic retinopathy? Indian J Ophthalmol. 1995;43(1):17-21. View abstract.

Ricciarelli, R., Argellati, F., Pronzato, M. A., and Domenicotti, C. Vitamin E and neurodegenerative diseases. Mol.Aspects Med. 2007;28(5-6):591-606. View abstract.

Richer, S. Multicenter ophthalmic and nutritional age-related macular degeneration study--part 2: antioxidant intervention and conclusions. J.Am.Optom.Assoc. 1996;67(1):30-49. View abstract.

Riemersma, R. A., Oliver, M., Elton, R. A., Alfthan, G., Vartiainen, E., Salo, M., Rubba, P., Mancini, M., Georgi, H., Vuilleumier, J. P., and . Plasma antioxidants and coronary heart disease: vitamins C and E, and selenium. Eur.J Clin.Nutr 1990;44(2):143-150. View abstract.

Riemersma, R. A., Wood, D. A., Macintyre, C. C., Elton, R. A., Gey, K. F., and Oliver, M. F. Risk of angina pectoris and plasma concentrations of vitamins A, C, and E and carotene. Lancet 1-5-1991;337(8732):1-5. View abstract.

Rigalleau, V., Barbe, M., Garuz, F., Baillet-Blanco, L., Beauvieux, M. C., and Gin, H. Nutritional factors and diabetic foot: a role for vitamin E? Diabet.Med. 2004;21(8):951-952. View abstract.

Rimm, E. B., Giovannucci, E. L., Willett, W. C., Colditz, G. A., Ascherio, A., Rosner, B., and Stampfer, M. J. Prospective study of alcohol consumption and risk of coronary disease in men. Lancet 8-24-1991;338(8765):464-468. View abstract.

Rivas-Echeverria CA, Echeverria Y Molina L Novoa D. Synergic use of aspirin, fish oil and vitamins C and E for the prevention of preeclampsia. Hypertension in Pregnancy 2000;19(Suppl 1):30.

Roberts, E. A. Steatohepatitis in children. Best.Pract.Res.Clin.Gastroenterol. 2002;16(5):749-765. View abstract.

Roberts, J. M., Myatt, L., Spong, C. Y., Thom, E. A., Hauth, J. C., Leveno, K. J., Pearson, G. D., Wapner, R. J., Varner, M. W., Thorp, J. M., Jr., Mercer, B. M., Peaceman, A. M., Ramin, S. M., Carpenter, M. W., Samuels, P., Sciscione, A., Harper, M., Smith, W. J., Saade, G., Sorokin, Y., and Anderson, G. B. Vitamins C and E to prevent complications of pregnancy-associated hypertension. N.Engl.J Med 4-8-2010;362(14):1282-1291. View abstract.

Robinson, I., de Serna, D. G., Gutierrez, A., and Schade, D. S. Vitamin E in humans: an explanation of clinical trial failure. Endocr.Pract. 2006;12(5):576-582. View abstract.

Roed-Petersen, J. and Hjorth, N. Contact dermatitis from antioxidants. Br.J.Dermatol. 1976;94(3):233-241. View abstract.

Ronco, A., De, Stefani E., Boffetta, P., Deneo-Pellegrini, H., Mendilaharsu, M., and Leborgne, F. Vegetables, fruits, and related nutrients and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study in Uruguay. Nutr.Cancer 1999;35(2):111-119. View abstract.

Roncucci L, Ponz de Leon M. Antioxidant vitamins or lactulose as chemopreventive agents for colorectal cancer. Food and Cancer Prevention 1993;147-150.

Ronnholm, K. A., Dostalova, L., and Siimes, M. A. Vitamin E supplementation in very-low-birth-weight infants: long-term follow-up at two different levels of vitamin E supplementation. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1989;49(1):121-126. View abstract.

Rosenbaum, C. C., O'Mathuna, D. P., Chavez, M., and Shields, K. Antioxidants and antiinflammatory dietary supplements for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Altern.Ther.Health Med. 2010;16(2):32-40. View abstract.

Rosselli, J. L., Thacker, S. M., Karpinski, J. P., and Petkewicz, K. A. Treatment of IgA nephropathy: an update. Ann.Pharmacother. 2011;45(10):1284-1296. View abstract.

Rossi, A. C. and Mullin, P. M. Prevention of pre-eclampsia with low-dose aspirin or vitamins C and E in women at high or low risk: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Eur.J Obstet.Gynecol.Reprod.Biol. 2011;158(1):9-16. View abstract.

Rudolph, N., Schiller, M. S., and Wong, S. L. Vitamin E and selenium in preterm infants: lack of effect on clinical patency of ductus arteriosus. Int.J.Vitam.Nutr.Res. 1989;59(2):140-146. View abstract.

Ruiz, Rejon F., Martin, Pena G., Lopez, Manglano C., Seijas, Martinez, V, and Ruiz, Galiana J. [Plasma levels of vitamins A and E and the risk of acute myocardial infarct]. Rev.Clin.Esp. 1997;197(6):411-416. View abstract.

Ruiz, Rejon F., Martin-Pena, G., Granado, F., Ruiz-Galiana, J., Blanco, I., and Olmedilla, B. Plasma status of retinol, alpha- and gamma-tocopherols, and main carotenoids to first myocardial infarction: case control and follow-up study. Nutrition 2002;18(1):26-31. View abstract.

Rumbold, A. and Crowther, C. A. Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev 2005;(2):CD004069. View abstract.

Rumbold, A. R., Crowther, C. A., Haslam, R. R., Dekker, G. A., and Robinson, J. S. Vitamins C and E and the risks of preeclampsia and perinatal complications. N.Engl.J Med 4-27-2006;354(17):1796-1806. View abstract.

Russell, M. J., Thomas, B. S., and Bulbrook, R. D. A prospective study of the relationship between serum vitamins A and E and risk of breast cancer. Br.J.Cancer 1988;57(2):213-215. View abstract.

Ryglewicz, D., Rodo, M., Kunicki, P. K., Bednarska-Makaruk, M., Graban, A., Lojkowska, W., and Wehr, H. Plasma antioxidant activity and vascular dementia. J.Neurol.Sci. 11-15-2002;203-204:195-197. View abstract.

Sacco, M., Pellegrini, F., Roncaglioni, M. C., Avanzini, F., Tognoni, G., and Nicolucci, A. Primary prevention of cardiovascular events with low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in type 2 diabetic patients: results of the Primary Prevention Project (PPP) trial. Diabetes Care 2003;26(12):3264-3272. View abstract.

Saeian, K., Bajaj, J. S., Franco, J., Knox, J. F., Daniel, J., Peine, C., McKee, D., Varma, R. R., and Ho, S. High-dose vitamin E supplementation does not diminish ribavirin-associated haemolysis in hepatitis C treatment with combination standard alpha-interferon and ribavirin. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther 11-15-2004;20(10):1189-1193. View abstract.

Safarinejad, M. R., Hosseini, S. Y., and Kolahi, A. A. Comparison of vitamin E and propionyl-L-carnitine, separately or in combination, in patients with early chronic Peyronie's disease: a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized study. J Urol. 2007;178(4 Pt 1):1398-1403. View abstract.

Saldanha, R. L., Cepeda, E. E., and Poland, R. L. The effect of vitamin E prophylaxis on the incidence and severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J.Pediatr. 1982;101(1):89-93. View abstract.

Salonen, J. T., Salonen, R., Penttila, I., Herranen, J., Jauhiainen, M., Kantola, M., Lappetelainen, R., Maenpaa, P. H., Alfthan, G., and Puska, P. Serum fatty acids, apolipoproteins, selenium and vitamin antioxidants and the risk of death from coronary artery disease. Am.J Cardiol. 8-1-1985;56(4):226-231. View abstract.

Salonen, J. T., Salonen, R., Seppanen, K., Kantola, M., Parviainen, M., Alfthan, G., Maenpaa, P. H., Taskinen, E., and Rauramaa, R. Relationship of serum selenium and antioxidants to plasma lipoproteins, platelet aggregability and prevalent ischaemic heart disease in Eastern Finnish men. Atherosclerosis 1988;70(1-2):155-160. View abstract.

Sano, M., Ernesto, C., Klauber, M. R., Schafer, K., Woodbury, P., Thomas, R., Grundman, M., Growdon, J., and Thal, L. J. Rationale and design of a multicenter study of selegiline and alpha-tocopherol in the treatment of Alzheimer disease using novel clinical outcomes. Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. Alzheimer Dis.Assoc.Disord. 1996;10(3):132-140. View abstract.

Sanyal, A. J., Mofrad, P. S., Contos, M. J., Sargeant, C., Luketic, V. A., Sterling, R. K., Stravitz, R. T., Shiffman, M. L., Clore, J., and Mills, A. S. A pilot study of vitamin E versus vitamin E and pioglitazone for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin.Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 2004;2(12):1107-1115. View abstract.

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