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Typical biological interactions used in affinity chromatography [42].

Types of ligandTarget molecules
EnzymeSubstrate analogue, inhibitor, cofactor
AntibodyAntigen, virus, cell
LectinPolysaccharide, glycoprotein, cell surface receptor, cell
Nucleic acidComplementary base sequence, histones, nucleic acid polymerase, nucleic acid binding protein
Hormone, vitaminReceptor, carrier protein
GlutathioneGlutathione-S-transferase or GST fusion proteins
Metal ionsPoly (his) fusion proteins, native proteins with histidine, cysteine and/ortryptophan residues on their surfaces