What is learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it?

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unconditioned stimulus (US)

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in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally--naturally and automatically--triggers a response.

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operant chamber (Skinner Box)

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a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking; used in operant conditioning research.

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an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

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the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned repsonse; in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

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learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reuinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

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associations with previous highs that drug users, through classical conditioning, often develop cravings when they encounter.

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early twentieth century psychologist who urged psychologists to discard references to mental concepts in favor of studying observable behavior.

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learning by observing others.

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a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli; a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus.

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the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when a unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

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social psychologist who is best known for research on observational learning.

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the process of observing and initiating a specific behavior.

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an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

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Russian physiologist who first explored classical conditioning.

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psychologist whose sexual conditioning studies with quail demonstrated that classical conditioning is highly adaptive because it helps animals survive and reproduce.

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cocept that many psychologists and economists believe that people's spending behavior is controlled by its consequences.

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a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

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a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.

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an aversive consequence that often decreases the likelyhood of the behavior that preceded it; often leads to depression and/or a sense of helplessness; opposite of reinforcement.

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positive, constructive, helpful behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior.

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reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response, but much greater resistence to extinction than does continues reinforcement.

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the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes; most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2).

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in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

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learning that certain event occur together; these events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).

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a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.

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unconditioned response (UR)

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in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

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an event that decreases the behavior it follows.

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the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

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conditioned stimulus (CS)

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in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevent stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US) comes to trigger a conditioned response.

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increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock; any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response; is not a punishment.

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reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

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in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

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frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so; the brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation, language, learning, and empathy.

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a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.

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Thorndike's principle that behaviros followed be favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

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a mental representation of the layout of one's environment; for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

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in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned stimulus (CS).

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the tendency, once a reponse has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

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when animals revert to their biologically predisposed patterns.

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a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer.