Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an umbrella term that also includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD causes the airways of the lungs to become narrow due to inflammation, mucus, or other damage. This affects the ability to breathe normally and often results in shortness of breath, especially on exertion. Show COPD often occurs from smoking and long-term inhalation of fumes or pollution. Second-hand smoke exposure can be a contributing factor and comorbidities such as asthma also increase the risk. COPD is a progressive disease that is treatable and controllable but cannot be cured. Exacerbations or flare-ups cause the most harm, as this is when there is an increase in symptoms that require prompt treatment and often inpatient care. The Nursing ProcessCOPD is a common condition nurses will encounter in treating patients. It is often complicated by other comorbidities such as asthma, pneumonia, and heart failure. Nurses will most likely care for patients who are experiencing an exacerbation and must be vigilant in monitoring their respiratory status and administering antibiotics and steroids. Nurses can use these opportunities to educate patients on the importance of quitting smoking, increasing their exercise tolerance, and instructing on medication adherence to prevent future exacerbations. Ineffective Breathing Pattern Care PlanThe cardinal symptom of COPD is shortness of breath from airflow obstruction. It can be frightening for patients and requires prompt assessment and intervention. Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective Breathing Pattern
As evidenced by:
Expected Outcomes:
Ineffective Breathing Pattern Assessment1. Auscultate breath sounds and vital signs. 2. Note the type of breathing pattern. 3. Assess ABGs. Ineffective Breathing Pattern Interventions1. Decrease anxiety. 2. Administer medications. 3. Apply oxygen. 4. Instruct on pursed-lip breathing. Activity Intolerance Care PlanAs COPD worsens, participating in physical activities may become more challenging. Patients often experience exercise intolerance due to dyspnea which negatively affects their strength and quality of life. Nursing Diagnosis: Activity Intolerance
As evidenced by:
Expected Outcomes:
Activity Intolerance Assessment1. Evaluate current activity level. 2. Assess emotional factors affecting activity. 3. Monitor cardiopulmonary response. Activity Intolerance Interventions1. Teach conservation techniques. 2. Keep track of physical activity. 3. Instruct on diaphragmatic breathing. 4. Educate on medications to improve tolerance. Deficient Knowledge Care PlanA lack of knowledge related to the contributing factors, pathophysiology, symptoms, and treatments of COPD can lead to poor choices and worsening health outcomes. Nursing Diagnosis: Deficient Knowledge
As evidenced by:
Expected Outcomes:
Deficient Knowledge Assessment1. Assess how the patient learns best. 2. Assess readiness and motivation. 3. Assess for a support system. Deficient Knowledge Interventions1. Instruct on how to prevent and recognize exacerbations. 2. Educate on hygiene practices. 3. Recommend pulmonary rehab. 4. Quit smoking. References and Sources
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