What are the visibility and cloud clearance requirements for VFR flight in Class E airspace?

1. General
   1. There are two categories of airspace or airspace areas:
      1. Regulatory (Class A, B, C, D and E airspace areas, restricted and prohibited areas); and
      2. Nonregulatory (military operations areas [MOA], warning areas, alert areas, controlled firing areas [CFA], and national security areas [NSA]).

         NOTE-

         Additional information on special use airspace (prohibited areas, restricted areas [permanent or temporary], warning areas, MOAs [permanent or temporary], alert areas, CFAs, and NSAs) may be found in Chapter 3, Airspace, Section 4, Special Use Airspace, paragraphs 3-4-1 through 3-4-8 .

   2. Within these two categories, there are four types:
      1. Controlled,
      2. Uncontrolled,
      3. Special use, and
      4. Other airspace.
   3. The categories and types of airspace are dictated by:
      1. The complexity or density of aircraft movements,
      2. The nature of the operations conducted within the airspace,
      3. The level of safety required, and
      4. The national and public interest.
   4. It is important that pilots be familiar with the operational requirements for each of the various types or classes of airspace. Subsequent sections will cover each class in sufficient detail to facilitate understanding.
2. General Dimensions of Airspace Segments

   Refer to Title 14 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) for specific dimensions, exceptions, geographical areas covered, exclusions, specific transponder/ADS-B or other equipment requirements, and flight operations.

3. Hierarchy of Overlapping Airspace Designations
   1. When overlapping airspace designations apply to the same airspace, the operating rules associated with the more restrictive airspace designation apply.
   2. For the purpose of clarification:
      1. Class A airspace is more restrictive than Class B, Class C, Class D, Class E, or Class G airspace;
      2. Class B airspace is more restrictive than Class C, Class D, Class E, or Class G airspace;
      3. Class C airspace is more restrictive than Class D, Class E, or Class G airspace;
      4. Class D airspace is more restrictive than Class E or Class G airspace; and
      5. Class E is more restrictive than Class G airspace.
4. Basic VFR Weather Minimums
   1. No person may operate an aircraft under basic VFR when the flight visibility is less, or at a distance from clouds that is less, than that prescribed for the corresponding altitude and class of airspace. (See TBL 3-1-1.)

      NOTE-

      Student pilots must comply with 14 CFR Section 61.89(a) (6) and (7).

   2. Except as provided in 14 CFR Section 91.157, Special VFR Weather Minimums, no person may operate an aircraft beneath the ceiling under VFR within the lateral boundaries of controlled airspace designated to the surface for an airport when the ceiling is less than 1,000 feet. (See 14 CFR Section 91.155(c).)

      TBL 3-1-1
      Basic VFR Weather Minimums

      Airspace	Flight Visibility	Distance from Clouds
      Class A	Not Applicable	Not Applicable
      Class B	3 statute miles	Clear of Clouds
      Class C	3 statute miles	500 feet below 1,000 feet above 2,000 feet horizontal

Class D

3 statute miles

500 feet below 1,000 feet above

2,000 feet horizontal

Class E
Less than 10,000 feet MSL

3 statute miles

500 feet below 1,000 feet above

2,000 feet horizontal

At or above 10,000 feet MSL

5 statute miles

1,000 feet below 1,000 feet above

1 statute mile horizontal

Class G
1,200 feet or less above the surface (regardless of MSL altitude).

For aircraft other than helicopters:

Day, except as provided in §91.155(b)

1 statute mile

Clear of clouds

Night, except as provided in §91.155(b)

3 statute miles

500 feet below 1,000 feet above

2,000 feet horizontal

For helicopters:

Day

½ statute mile

Clear of clouds

Night, except as provided in §91.155(b)

1 statute mile

Clear of clouds

More than 1,200 feet above the surface but less than 10,000 feet MSL.

Day

1 statute mile

500 feet below 1,000 feet above

2,000 feet horizontal

Night

3 statute miles

500 feet below 1,000 feet above

2,000 feet horizontal

More than 1,200 feet above the surface and at or above 10,000 feet MSL.

5 statute miles

1,000 feet below 1,000 feet above

1 statute mile horizontal

Have you ever wondered why we have VFR weather minimums? Imagine you're skimming a cloud bank and another aircraft suddenly flies out of the cloud right in front of you...

Why Cloud Separation Matters

Cloud clearance regulations all come down to ATC coverage, speed, and altitude. IFR traffic is controlled by ATC, so weather and speed restrictions make sure that IFR and VFR aircraft can see and avoid each other.

It's an easy temptation for VFR pilots to fly through or around thin cloud layers, and it's rare for pilots to get busted by the FAA for breaking cloud clearance requirements. After all, there's no such thing as sky police on the lookout for you. But the rules are there for good reason.

Requirements Vary Across Airspace Boundaries

Class B, C, D, E, and G airspace segments all have different weather minimums in the United States. In an effort to allow pilots flexibility while flying in different speed, altitude, and ATC environments, there are quite a few regulations you need to memorize.

They're complex segments of airspace, making it difficult to cite every single cloud clearance and visibility requirement from memory.

Class B airspace has some of the most strict equipment and communication requirements of any airspace. It surrounds the busiest airports in the country. But, it's got some of the most relaxed weather minimums. Why? Air Traffic Control. When you fly into Class B airspace you only need to stay clear of clouds with 3SM of visibility, day or night.

Air Traffic Control makes Class B airspace possible by constantly monitoring and separating each flight in the airspace, VFR or IFR. Approach and departure control transitions aircraft into and out of the airspace, and tower controllers sequence them in for landing and takeoff. Even if you're VFR, each airplane is being controlled and monitored.

Class C, D, and E airspace mimic each other in terms of VFR weather minimums (below 10,000' MSL). Unlike Class B, they have increased cloud clearance requirements due to a potential lack of ATC radar control. When you fly into a Class C or D airport under VFR, ATC is not required to keep you adequately separated from other VFR aircraft. Because of this, and the high density of traffic nearby, you need to stay further away from clouds so you can keep clear of traffic conflicts.

In Class E, IFR aircraft are controlled by ATC. This might be a center facility (Air Route Traffic Control Center) or approach/departure facility. As a VFR aircraft, you're on your own, but IFR aircraft must operate on an ATC clearance. That means the airspace is still controlled. That's why you have the same cloud clearance requirements as Class C or D airspace (below 10,000' MSL).

Depending on how high you fly, and the time of day within Class G airspace, your visibility requirement could range anywhere from 1SM to 5SM. Cloud clearances range from "clear of clouds" to "1SM." There are 6 sets of Class G weather minimums associated with various altitudes during the day or night.

Need help understanding Class G airspace? Check out our Class G Airspace Article.

So why is there a difference in weather minimums at different altitudes? Starting at 10,000' MSL, you can fly faster than 250 knots. Accordingly, you'll need more visibility and distance from the clouds to see and avoid other aircraft. High speeds increase closure rates, so you'll have less time to react to oncoming traffic.

If you're flying in Class E or G airspace, your visibility requirement above 10,000' MSL is 5SM, day or night. You'll also need to stay 1SM horizontally from, 1,000' above, and 1,000' below clouds.

VFR weather minimums are there for your safety, and the safety of every other pilot and passenger flying. Staying well clear of clouds will give you the most time to react to a potential traffic conflict.

Looking For More?

Want to learn more about airspace? Try our National Airspace System online course. With tons of info, quizzes, and simple explanations, it's an easy way to get ready for your next checkride or flight review.

Become a better pilot.
Subscribe to get the latest videos, articles, and quizzes that make you a smarter, safer pilot.