Is the relationship of two or more elements in a composition and how they compare to one another?

Compounds are pure substances. They are made from the same types of molecules. Each molecule of a compound is made from two or more different kinds of atoms that are chemically bonded. Mixtures are made of two or more substances — elements or compounds — that are mixed physically but not chemically; they do not contain any atomic bonds.

	Compound	Mixture
Definition	A compound contains atoms of different elements chemically combined together in a fixed ratio.	A mixture is a combination of two or more substances where there is no chemical combination or reaction.
Composition	Compounds contain different elements in a fixed ratio arranged in a defined manner through chemical bonds. They contain only one type of molecule. Elements that compose the compound are chemically combined.	Mixtures contain different elements and compounds but the ratio is not fixed nor are they combined via chemical bonds. The ingredients are physically mixed but chemically separate. Often they are visibly distinct.
Ability to break down	A compound can be separated into simpler substances by chemical methods/reactions.	A mixture can be separated into simpler substances by physical or mechanical methods.
Examples	Water (H2O), Sodium chloride (NaCl), Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and Hydrochloric acid (HCl) are examples of compounds.	Salt in water; pasta and sauce; sand; pebbles; solutions such as rubbing alcohol, dental amalgam, vapor in air; colloids such as mayonnaise, milk, cheese; coarse suspensions such as mud in water, oil in water.
Representation	A compound is represented using its chemical formula that represents the symbols of its constituent elements and the number of atoms of each element in one molecule of the compound.	Mixtures cannot be represented by chemical formulas.
Chemical and physical properties	Compounds have specific chemical and physical properties that are distinct from their constituent elements because the constituent elements lose their properties when they combine to make the compound.	Mixtures do not have specific, consistent chemical and physical properties of their own. They reflect the properties of their constituent substances, which retain their original properties. e.g. chocolate milk retains properties of chocolate and milk
Types	A huge, virtually limitless, number of chemical compounds can be created. Compounds are classified into molecular compounds, ionic compounds, intermetallic compounds and complexes.	Solids, Liquids and Gases can be combined to create a mixture. Mixtures can be homogeneous or non-homogeneous.
Mass ratio	Compounds have specific mass ratios. e.g. pyrite has 46.6% iron and 53.4% sulphur by mass. This is true of all pyrite no matter the sample size.	Mixtures have a variable mass ratio depending upon what quantities of ingredients have been combined in the mixture.

Compounds are made up of elements, which are pure substances with only one kind of atoms. Atoms of the elements form bonds to combine and make up a molecule of the compound. The compound contains a uniform distribution of these molecules.

A compound has different physical and chemical characteristics than its component elements. It is not possible to see the elements when you see the compound. e.g. water is made of hydrogen and oxygen but you cannot see either element separately when you look at water. Salt is made of sodium and chloride but the physical and chemical properties of salt are completely different from those of sodium or chloride.

Both elements and compounds are called pure substances because they contain only one type of molecule. A mixture contains two or more types of pure substances. The molecules of these substances do not form any chemical bonds in a mixture. Components of a mixture retain their chemical independence but physically blend into each other. It is often possible to see these components and differentiate them visually.

Separating the components

The component elements of a compound can only be separated via a chemical reaction that breaks the atomic bonds that bind its molecules.

The ingredients of a mixture may be separated by physical means like sedimentation or decantation.

References

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Proportion in art is the comparative harmonious relationship between two or more elements in a composition with respect to size, color, quantity, degree, setting, etc.; i.e. ratio. A relationship is created when two or more elements are put together in a painting. This relationship is said to be harmonious when a correct or desirable relationship exists between the elements. This refers to the correct sizing and distribution of an element or object which creates good proportion. Good proportion adds harmony and symmetry or balance among the parts of a design as a whole.

When the principle of proportion is applied to a work of art it is usually in the relationship of size. That is, the size of one element of the composition as compared to the size of another related element. In the instance of a relationship of size a comparison is made between the:

• height, width and depth of one element to that of another• size of one area to the size of another area• size of one element to the size of another element

• amount of space between two or more elements

Proportion is usually not even noticed until something is out of proportion. When the relative size of two elements being compared seems wrong or out of balance it is said to be "out of proportion". For example if a person has a head larger than their entire body, then we would say that they were out of proportion.

Good Proportion

There are several ways for achieving good proportion:

1. Place together elements which are similar in character or have some feature in common.2. Create major and minor areas in the design, as equal parts can quickly become monotonous and boring. However, the differences in size must not be so great as to make the parts appear unrelated and therefore, out of harmony with each other.3. Arrangement of space should be in such a way that the eye does not perceive a standard mathematical relationship. Dividing up the composition in halves, quarters and thirds should be avoided. A subtle relationship creates a more dynamic design.

4. Create harmony in the art work. Harmony is an agreement between the shapes that stresses the similarities of all parts. In other words, the shape of one part should "fit" the shape of the adjoining elements. Shapes should"fit" properly in their positions and spaces.

There is a real sense of proportion in each of the two paintings above. Without the effective use of the principle of proportion you would not experience the Majesty of the mountain cliffs in the painting on the left or the towering height of the trees in the painting on the right.

In the two paintings above proportion emphasizes the distance of the ship and the vastness of the ball room.

It is easy to observe harmony in action in nature. Notice how the individual wedges "fit" the orange in the painting above.		In the coat of arms above we observe how the different elements "fit" together perfectly inside each other to create harmony.

Submitted by: Barbara Rhodes, retired art teacher

Principles of Design Menu

[ Lesson #1: Introduction to the Principles | Lesson #2: The Principle of Balance ]

[ Lesson #3: The Principle of Movement | Lesson #4: The Principle of Emphasis ]

[ Lesson #5: The Principle of Simplicity | Lesson #6: The Principle of Contrast ]

[ Lesson #7: The Principle of Proportion | Lesson #8: The Principle of Space ]