Gives the author of the source and the page number or webpage on which the information was found

In-text citations

Cite the name of the author/ organisation responsible for the site and the date created or last revised (use the most recent date):

(Department of Social Services 2020)

or:

According to the Department of Social Services (2020) ...

List of References

Include information in the following order:

author (the person or organisation responsible for the site
year (date created or revised)
site name (in italics)
name of sponsor of site (if available)
accessed day month year (the date you viewed the site)
URL or Internet address (between pointed brackets). If possible, ensure that the URL is included without a line-break.

Department of Social Services 2020, Department of social services website, Australian government, accessed 20 February 2020, <https://www.dss.gov.au/>.

In-text citations

Information should include author/authoring body name(s) and the date created or last revised:

(Li 2004) or:

(World Health Organisation 2013)

List of References

Include information in the following order:

author (the person or organisation responsible for the site)
year (date created or last updated)
page title (in italics)
name of sponsor of site (if available)
accessed day month year (the day you viewed the site)
URL or Internet address (pointed brackets).

One author:

Li, L 2014, Chinese scroll painting H533, Australian Museum, accessed 20 February 2016, <https://australianmuseum.net.au/chinese-scroll-painting-h533>.

Organisation as author:

World Health Organisation 2013, Financial crisis and global health, The United Nations, accessed 1 August 2013, <http://www.who.int/topics/financial_crisis/en/>.

In-text citations

If the author's name is unknown, cite the website/page title and date:

(Land for sale on moon 2007)

List of References

Land for sale on moon 2007, accessed 19 June 2007, <http://www.moonlandrealestate.com>.

No date:

In-text citations

If there is not date on the page, use the abbreviation n.d. (no date):

(ArtsNSW n.d.)

(Kim n.d)

List if References

ArtsNSW n.d., New South Wales Premier’s Literary Awards, NSW Department of the Arts, Sport and Recreation, accessed 19 June 2007, <http://www.arts.nsw.gov.au/awards/
LiteraryAwards/litawards.htm>.

Kim, M n.d., Chinese New Year pictures and propaganda posters, Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences, accessed 12 April 2016, <https://collection.maas.museum/set/6274>.

In-text citations

If there is no author, list the name of the newspaper, the date, year and page number:

(The Independent 2013, p. 36)

If there is an author, cite as you would for a journal article:

(Donaghy 1994, p. 3)

Articles can also be mentioned in the running text:

University rankings were examined in a Sydney Morning Herald report by Williamson (1998, p. 21), where it was evident that ...

List of References

Include information in the following order:

author
year of publication
article title (between single quotation marks)
publication title (in italics with maximum capitalisation)
date of article (day, month)
page number

Williamson, S 1998, ‘UNSW gains top ranking from quality team’, Sydney Morning Herald, 30 February, p.21.

Donaghy, B 1994, ‘National meeting set to review tertiary admissions’, Campus News, 3-9 March, p. 3.

An unattributed newspaper article:

If there is no named author, list the article title first:

Article title, between single quotation marks,
Publication title (in italics with maximum capitalisation)
Date published (date, month, year)
Page number (if available)

‘Baby tapir wins hearts at zoo’, The Independent, 9 August 2013, p. 36

A news article from an electronic database:

In-text citations

If the article has a named author:

(Pianin 2001)

References

Include information in the following order:

author (if available)
year of publication
article title (between single quotation marks)
newspaper title (in italics)
date of article (day, month, page number—if given—and any additional information available)
accessed day month year (the date you accessed the items)
from name of database
item number (if given).

Pianin, E 2001, 'As coal's fortunes climb, mountains tremble in W.Va; energy policy is transforming lives', The Washington Post, 25 February, p. A03, accessed March 2001 from Electric Library Australasia.

A news article without a named author:

In-text citations

No named author:

(New York Daily Times 1830)

The article can also be discussed in the body of the paragraph:

An account of the popularity of the baby tapir in The Independent (2013) stated that ...

References

If there is no named author, list the article title first.

'Amending the Constitution', New York Daily Times, 16 October 1851, p. 2, accessed 15 July 2007 from ProQuest Historical Newspapers database.

'Baby tapir wins hearts at zoo', The Independent, 9 August 2013, Accessed 25 January 2014, <http://www.independent.ie/world-news/and-finally/baby-tapir-wins-hearts-at-zoo-30495570.html>.

An online news article:

In-text citations

Cite the author name and year:

(Coorey 2007)

References

Coorey, P 2007, ‘Costello hints at green safety net’, Sydney Morning Herald, 10 May, accessed 14 May 2012, <http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/costello-hints-at-green-safety-net/2007/05/09/1178390393875.html>.

While a URL for the article should be included, if it is very long (more than two lines) or unfixed (from a search engine), only include the publication URL:

Holmes, L 2017, 'The woman making a living out of pretending to be Kylie Minogue', The Daily Telegraph, 23 April, accessed 22 May 2017, <http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au>.

In-text citations

Cite the author (the person responsible for the release) and date:

Prime Minister Howard (2007) announced plans for further welfare reform...

References

Include information in the following order:

author name or authoring organisation name
date
title of release (in italics)
format
accessed day month year
URL (between pointed brackets)

Office of the Prime Minister 2007, Welfare Payments Reform, media release, accessed 25 July 2007, <http://www.pm.gov.au/media/Release/2007/Media_Release24432.cfm>.

Rule

Surname of author, no initials or suffixes such as Jr. The year of publication is also included

Citation examples

..This was seen in an Australian study (Conger, 1979). OR Conger (1979) has argued that... OR

In 1979, Conger conducted a study which showed that...

Two authors

Rule

Cite both surnames every time the reference occurs in the text

Citation examples

...(Davidson & Harrington, 2002) OR

Davidson and Harrington (2002)...

Three to five authors

Rule	Cite all surnames and publication year the first time, thereafter only the first surname followed by et al. Note: There is a full-stop (.) after al (see below).
Citation examples	The first time cited: ...(Brown, Soo, & Jones, 1990). Brown, Soo, and Jones (1990)... thereafter: ...(Brown et al., 1990). Brown et al. (1990)...

Six or more authors

Rule	Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year from the first citation. Note: There is a full-stop (.) after al (see below). Include all authors, up to seven, in the reference list. Please see instruction for eight or more authors on the introductory page of this guide.
Citation examples	.... (Girad-Perregaux et al., 2003). Girad-Perregaux et al. (2003)...

Different authors : same surname

Rule	Add the initials of the author's first or given name/s to their surname to distinguish them.
Citation examples	P. R. Smith (1923) to distinguish from S. Smith (1945) ... (S. A. Brown & Jones, 1961) to distinguish from (W. O. Brown & Smith, 1985).

Multiple authors: ambiguous citations

Rule	If a multiple (3+) author citation abbreviated with et al. looks the same as another in text citation similarly shortened, add enough surnames to make a distinction, followed by a comma and et al.
Citation examples	...(Brown, Shimamura, et al., 1998) to distinguish from (Brown, Taylor, et al., 1998).

Multiple works: by same author

Rule	When cited together give the author's surname once followed by the years of each publication, which are separated by a comma.
Citation examples	... (Stairs, 1992, 1993). Stairs (1992, 1993)...

Multiple works: by same author AND same year

Rule

If there is more than one reference by an author in the same year, suffixes (a, b, c, etc.) are added to the year. Allocation of the suffixes is determined by the order of the references in the reference list, not by the order in which they are cited. Suffixes are also included in the reference list, and these references are listed alphabetically by title. If cited together, list by suffix as shown below.

Citation examples

Stairs (1992b)... later in the text ... (Stairs, 1992a).
...(Stairs, 1992a, 1992b).

If the author is identified as 'anonymous'

Rule	Use Anonymous in place of the author's surname.
Citation examples	... (Anonymous, 1997)

Unknown author

Rule	Give the first few words of the title. If the title is from an article or a chapter use double quotation marks. If the title is from a periodical, book brochure or report then use italics.
Citation examples	...the worst election loss in the party's history ("This is the end," 1968).

Corporate or group of authors

Rule

If organization is recognized by abbreviation, cite the first time as follows:

Citation examples

... (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2005)

Note: [AIHW] is in square brackets for the initial in-text citation and thereafter as ... (AIHW, 2005). However, if abbreviation not widely known, give the name in full every time:

... (Australian Research Council, 1996)

Multiple references

Rule	List the citations in alphabetical order and separate with semicolons
Citation examples	... (Burst, 1995; Nguyen, 1976; Turner & Hooch, 1982).

Citing specific parts of a source

Rule	For a direct quote the page number(s) must be given. Indicate page, chapter, figure, table, etc. as specifically as possible. Use accepted abbreviations, i.e. p. for page, para. for paragraph..
Citation examples	As one writer put it "the darkest days were still ahead" (Weston, 1988, p. 45). Weston (1988) argued that "the darkest days were still ahead" (p. 45). This theory was put forward by Smith (2005, chap.7)

Quote from an electronic source

Rule	Where page numbers are not provided use paragraph numbers.
Citation examples	...(Chang, 2001, para. 2)

Personal communications

Rule	These include private letters, e-mail, and conversations. As personal communications are not accessible to others, they are not included in the reference list. However, an in-text citation is required.
Citation examples	... (R. Smith, personal communication, January 28, 2002). R. Smith (personal communication, January 28, 2002)...

Citation of a secondary source: (i.e a source referred to in another publication)

Rule

Note: APA 6th specifies that secondary citations should ONLY be used where the original is unavailable (for example, out-of-print). Wherever possible, read and cite the original source.

If the original source is not available, ONLY include the details of the source you actually read. In the example below, the original source would be Farrow (1968), which you saw cited in a paper by Ward and Decan (1988).

Citation examples

... (Farrow, 1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988). Farrow (1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988) ...

Ward and Decan (1988) cited Farrow (1968) as finding...

Citing legislation or legal cases

The way you cite legislation or legal cases depends on whether you read the actual legislation or read about it in another source. If it is the latter, the legislation/case should be treated as a secondary source.

Rule - Legislation

The title of the leglslation and the year (jurisdiction). Note: include the jurisdiction the first time the act is cited. The jurisdiction can be dropped with subsequent citations

Citation examples

The Medical Treatment Act 1988 (Vic) states......

by virtue of s. 25.1 of the Aged Care Act 1997 (Cth).....

..."A restrictive intervention may only be used on a person....." (Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic), s. 105)

as a secondary source

....Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 (Vic) (as cited in Creighton & Rozen, 2007)

Rule - Cases

The title of the case (year). Note: Include the year with the first citation. The year can be dropped in subsequent citations.

Citation examples

According to the case of Rogers v Whitaker (1992).....

as a secondary source

.....Chappel v Hart (1988) (as cited in Forrester & Griffiths, 2010)

Websites (but not a specific document on that site)

Rule	When citing an entire website it is sufficient to give the address of the site in the text. No reference list entry required.
Citation examples	Apple is one of the most visited consumer technology websites in the world (http://www.apple.com).

Web page, author

Rule

Family name and year of publication.

Citation examples

In a recent article on the role of quantitative analysts Loeper (2019) states…

The role of quantitative analysts has been recently reviewed (Loeper, 2019)

Rule

Organisation name and year of publication.

Citation examples

A webpage regarding educational programs and discounts offered by Samsung (2019) states…

Extensive information on education programs and discounts are offered by one of the world’s largest telecommunications companies (Samsung, 2019)

Web page, unknown author

Rule	Give the first few words of the title. If the title is from an article use double quotation marks. Also include the year of publication.
Citation examples	An Australian government agency recommend checking rainwater tanks in Queensland (“Unsealed rainwater tanks”, 2019).