The concept of Current Working Directory (CWD) is crucial here. You can think of it as the folder your Python is operating inside at the moment. So far we have been using the absolute path, which begins from the topmost directory. But if your file reference does not start from the top (e.g., 'alice.txt', 'ling1330/alice.txt'), Python assumes that it starts in the CWD (a "relative path"). This means that a name-only reference will be successful only when the file is in your Python's CWD. But bear in mind that your CWD may change. Also, your Python has different initial CWD settings depending on whether you are working with a Python script or in a shell environment. This module implements some useful functions on pathnames. To read or write files see , and for accessing the filesystem see the module. The path parameters can be passed as strings, or bytes, or any object implementing the protocol. Unlike a Unix shell, Python does not do any automatic path expansions. Functions such as and can be invoked explicitly when an application desires shell-like path expansion. (See also the module.) See also The module offers high-level path objects. Note All of these functions accept either only bytes or only string objects as their parameters. The result is an object of the same type, if a path or file name is returned. Note Since different operating systems have different path name conventions, there are several versions of this module in the standard library. The module is always the path module suitable for the operating system Python is running on, and therefore usable for local paths. However, you can also import and use the individual modules if you want to manipulate a path that is always in one of the different formats. They all have the same interface:
Changed in version 3.8: , , , , , and now return >>> splitdrive("//host/computer/dir") ("//host/computer", "/dir")3 instead of raising an exception for paths that contain characters or bytes unrepresentable at the OS level.os.path.abspath(path) Return a normalized absolutized version of the pathname path. On most platforms, this is equivalent to calling the function as follows: >>> splitdrive("//host/computer/dir") ("//host/computer", "/dir")5. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.basename(path)Return the base name of pathname path. This is the second element of the pair returned by passing path to the function . Note that the result of this function is different from the Unix basename program; where basename for >>> splitdrive("//host/computer/dir") ("//host/computer", "/dir")7 returns >>> splitdrive("//host/computer/dir") ("//host/computer", "/dir")8, the function returns an empty string ( >>> splitext('bar') ('bar', '')0). Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.commonpath(paths)Return the longest common sub-path of each pathname in the sequence paths. Raise if paths contain both absolute and relative pathnames, the paths are on the different drives or if paths is empty. Unlike , this returns a valid path. : Unix, Windows. New in version 3.5. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a sequence of . os.path.commonprefix(list)Return the longest path prefix (taken character-by-character) that is a prefix of all paths in list. If list is empty, return the empty string ( >>> splitext('bar') ('bar', '')0). Note This function may return invalid paths because it works a character at a time. To obtain a valid path, see . >>> os.path.commonprefix(['/usr/lib', '/usr/local/lib']) '/usr/l' >>> os.path.commonpath(['/usr/lib', '/usr/local/lib']) '/usr' Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.dirname(path)Return the directory name of pathname path. This is the first element of the pair returned by passing path to the function . Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.exists(path)Return >>> splitext('bar') ('bar', '')6 if path refers to an existing path or an open file descriptor. Returns >>> splitdrive("//host/computer/dir") ("//host/computer", "/dir")3 for broken symbolic links. On some platforms, this function may return >>> splitdrive("//host/computer/dir") ("//host/computer", "/dir")3 if permission is not granted to execute on the requested file, even if the path physically exists. Changed in version 3.3: path can now be an integer: >>> splitext('bar') ('bar', '')6 is returned if it is an open file descriptor, >>> splitdrive("//host/computer/dir") ("//host/computer", "/dir")3 otherwise. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.lexists(path)Return >>> splitext('bar') ('bar', '')6 if path refers to an existing path. Returns >>> splitext('bar') ('bar', '')6 for broken symbolic links. Equivalent to on platforms lacking . Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.expanduser(path)On Unix and Windows, return the argument with an initial component of >>> splitext('foo.bar.exe') ('foo.bar', '.exe') >>> splitext('/foo/bar.exe') ('/foo/bar', '.exe')6 or >>> splitext('foo.bar.exe') ('foo.bar', '.exe') >>> splitext('/foo/bar.exe') ('/foo/bar', '.exe')7 replaced by that user’s home directory. On Unix, an initial >>> splitext('foo.bar.exe') ('foo.bar', '.exe') >>> splitext('/foo/bar.exe') ('/foo/bar', '.exe')6 is replaced by the environment variable >>> splitext('foo.bar.exe') ('foo.bar', '.exe') >>> splitext('/foo/bar.exe') ('/foo/bar', '.exe')9 if it is set; otherwise the current user’s home directory is looked up in the password directory through the built-in module . An initial >>> splitext('foo.bar.exe') ('foo.bar', '.exe') >>> splitext('/foo/bar.exe') ('/foo/bar', '.exe')7 is looked up directly in the password directory. On Windows, >>> splitext('.cshrc') ('.cshrc', '') >>> splitext('/foo/....jpg') ('/foo/....jpg', '')2 will be used if set, otherwise a combination of >>> splitext('.cshrc') ('.cshrc', '') >>> splitext('/foo/....jpg') ('/foo/....jpg', '')3 and >>> splitext('.cshrc') ('.cshrc', '') >>> splitext('/foo/....jpg') ('/foo/....jpg', '')4 will be used. An initial >>> splitext('foo.bar.exe') ('foo.bar', '.exe') >>> splitext('/foo/bar.exe') ('/foo/bar', '.exe')7 is handled by checking that the last directory component of the current user’s home directory matches >>> splitext('.cshrc') ('.cshrc', '') >>> splitext('/foo/....jpg') ('/foo/....jpg', '')6, and replacing it if so. If the expansion fails or if the path does not begin with a tilde, the path is returned unchanged. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . Changed in version 3.8: No longer uses >>> splitext('foo.bar.exe') ('foo.bar', '.exe') >>> splitext('/foo/bar.exe') ('/foo/bar', '.exe')9 on Windows.os.path.expandvars(path) Return the argument with environment variables expanded. Substrings of the form >>> splitext('.cshrc') ('.cshrc', '') >>> splitext('/foo/....jpg') ('/foo/....jpg', '')8 or >>> splitext('.cshrc') ('.cshrc', '') >>> splitext('/foo/....jpg') ('/foo/....jpg', '')9 are replaced by the value of environment variable name. Malformed variable names and references to non-existing variables are left unchanged. On Windows, >>> splitext('.cshrc') ('.cshrc', '') >>> splitext('/foo/....jpg') ('/foo/....jpg', '')8 and >>> splitext('.cshrc') ('.cshrc', '') >>> splitext('/foo/....jpg') ('/foo/....jpg', '')9. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.getatime(path)Return the time of last access of path. The return value is a floating point number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the module). Raise if the file does not exist or is inaccessible. os.path.getmtime(path)Return the time of last modification of path. The return value is a floating point number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the module). Raise if the file does not exist or is inaccessible. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.getctime(path)Return the system’s ctime which, on some systems (like Unix) is the time of the last metadata change, and, on others (like Windows), is the creation time for path. The return value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the module). Raise if the file does not exist or is inaccessible. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.getsize(path)Return the size, in bytes, of path. Raise if the file does not exist or is inaccessible. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.isabs(path)Return >>> splitext('bar') ('bar', '')6 if path is an absolute pathname. On Unix, that means it begins with a slash, on Windows that it begins with a (back)slash after chopping off a potential drive letter. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.isfile(path)Return >>> splitext('bar') ('bar', '')6 if path is an regular file. This follows symbolic links, so both and can be true for the same path. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.isdir(path)Return >>> splitext('bar') ('bar', '')6 if path is an directory. This follows symbolic links, so both and can be true for the same path. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.islink(path)Return >>> splitext('bar') ('bar', '')6 if path refers to an directory entry that is a symbolic link. Always >>> splitdrive("//host/computer/dir") ("//host/computer", "/dir")3 if symbolic links are not supported by the Python runtime. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.ismount(path)Return >>> splitext('bar') ('bar', '')6 if pathname path is a mount point: a point in a file system where a different file system has been mounted. On POSIX, the function checks whether path’s parent, os3, is on a different device than path, or whether os3 and path point to the same i-node on the same device — this should detect mount points for all Unix and POSIX variants. It is not able to reliably detect bind mounts on the same filesystem. On Windows, a drive letter root and a share UNC are always mount points, and for any other path os5 is called to see if it is different from the input path.New in version 3.4: Support for detecting non-root mount points on Windows. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.join(path, *paths)Join one or more path segments intelligently. The return value is the concatenation of path and all members of *paths, with exactly one directory separator following each non-empty part except the last. That is, if the last part is empty, the result will end in a separator. If a segment is an absolute path (which on Windows requires both a drive and a root), then all previous segments are ignored and joining continues from the absolute path segment. On Windows, the drive is not reset when a rooted path segment (e.g., Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a for path and paths. os.path.normcase(path)Normalize the case of a pathname. On Windows, convert all characters in the pathname to lowercase, and also convert forward slashes to backward slashes. On other operating systems, return the path unchanged. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.normpath(path)
Note
Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.realpath(path, *, strict=False)Return the canonical path of the specified filename, eliminating any symbolic links encountered in the path (if they are supported by the operating system). If a path doesn’t exist or a symlink loop is encountered, and strict is >>> splitext('bar') ('bar', '')6, is raised. If strict is >>> splitdrive("//host/computer/dir") ("//host/computer", "/dir")3, the path is resolved as far as possible and any remainder is appended without checking whether it exists. Note This function emulates the operating system’s procedure for making a path canonical, which differs slightly between Windows and UNIX with respect to how links and subsequent path components interact. Operating system APIs make paths canonical as needed, so it’s not normally necessary to call this function. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . Changed in version 3.8: Symbolic links and junctions are now resolved on Windows. Changed in version 3.10: The strict parameter was added. os.path.relpath(path, start=os.curdir)Return a relative filepath to path either from the current directory or from an optional start directory. This is a path computation: the filesystem is not accessed to confirm the existence or nature of path or start. On Windows, is raised when path and start are on different drives. start defaults to . : Unix, Windows. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.samefile(path1, path2)Return >>> splitext('bar') ('bar', '')6 if both pathname arguments refer to the same file or directory. This is determined by the device number and i-node number and raises an exception if an call on either pathname fails. : Unix, Windows. Changed in version 3.2: Added Windows support. Changed in version 3.4: Windows now uses the same implementation as all other platforms. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.sameopenfile(fp1, fp2)Return >>> splitext('bar') ('bar', '')6 if the file descriptors fp1 and fp2 refer to the same file. : Unix, Windows. Changed in version 3.2: Added Windows support. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.samestat(stat1, stat2)Return >>> splitext('bar') ('bar', '')6 if the stat tuples stat1 and stat2 refer to the same file. These structures may have been returned by , , or . This function implements the underlying comparison used by and . : Unix, Windows. Changed in version 3.4: Added Windows support. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.split(path)Split the pathname path into a pair, >>> splitdrive("c:/dir") ("c:", "/dir")11 where tail is the last pathname component and head is everything leading up to that. The tail part will never contain a slash; if path ends in a slash, tail will be empty. If there is no slash in path, head will be empty. If path is empty, both head and tail are empty. Trailing slashes are stripped from head unless it is the root (one or more slashes only). In all cases, >>> splitdrive("c:/dir") ("c:", "/dir")12 returns a path to the same location as path (but the strings may differ). Also see the functions and . Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.splitdrive(path)Split the pathname path into a pair >>> splitdrive("c:/dir") ("c:", "/dir")15 where drive is either a mount point or the empty string. On systems which do not use drive specifications, drive will always be the empty string. In all cases, >>> splitdrive("c:/dir") ("c:", "/dir")16 will be the same as path. On Windows, splits a pathname into drive/UNC sharepoint and relative path. If the path contains a drive letter, drive will contain everything up to and including the colon: >>> splitdrive("c:/dir") ("c:", "/dir") If the path contains a UNC path, drive will contain the host name and share, up to but not including the fourth separator: >>> splitdrive("//host/computer/dir") ("//host/computer", "/dir") Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.splitext(path)Split the pathname path into a pair >>> splitdrive("c:/dir") ("c:", "/dir")17 such that >>> splitdrive("c:/dir") ("c:", "/dir")18, and the extension, ext, is empty or begins with a period and contains at most one period. If the path contains no extension, ext will be >>> splitext('bar') ('bar', '')0: >>> splitext('bar') ('bar', '') If the path contains an extension, then ext will be set to this extension, including the leading period. Note that previous periods will be ignored: >>> splitext('foo.bar.exe') ('foo.bar', '.exe') >>> splitext('/foo/bar.exe') ('/foo/bar', '.exe') Leading periods of the last component of the path are considered to be part of the root: >>> splitext('.cshrc') ('.cshrc', '') >>> splitext('/foo/....jpg') ('/foo/....jpg', '') Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a . os.path.supports_unicode_filenames>>> splitext('bar') ('bar', '')6 if arbitrary Unicode strings can be used as file names (within limitations imposed by the file system). |
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