Which two statements best describe how both passages highlight the importance of design techniques?

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Select the correct text in the passage. which sentence in the passage bestshows how the setting contributes to the speaker's problem? from Robinson Cmsoe by Daniel Defoe Nothing can describe the confusion of thought which I felt when I sank into the water. Though I swam very well. I could not deliver myself from the waves so as to draw breath. till that wave having driven me. or rather carried me, a vast way on towards the shore. and having spent itself. went back, and left me upon the land almost dry, but half dead with the water I took in. I had so much presence of mind. as well as breath left. that seeing myself nearer the mainland than I expected. I got upon myfeet and endeavored to make on towards the land as fast as I could before another wave should return and take me up again. However. I soon found it was impossible to avoid it: forl saw the sea come after me as high as a great hill. and as furious as an enemy. which I had no means or strength to contend with: my business was to hold my breath. and raise myself upon the water if I could. By swimming I could preserve my breathing, and pilot myself towards the shore. if possible. My greatest concern now being that the sea, as it would carry me a great way towards the shore when it came on, might not carry me back again with it when it gave back towards the sea. The wave that came upon me again buried me at once twenty or thirty feet deep in its own body. I could feel myself carried with a mighty force and swiftness towards the shore—a very great way, but I held my breath. and assisted myself to swim still forward with all my might. I was ready to burst with holding my breath. when. as I felt myself rising up. so. to my immediate relief. Ifound my head and hands shoot out above the surface ofthe water. Though it was not two seconds of time that I could keep myselfso, yet it relieved me greatly. gave me breath. and new courage.l was covered again with water a good while. but not so long but I held it out; and finding the water had spent itself. and began to return. I stmck forward against the return of the waves, and felt ground again with my feet.| stood still a few moments to recover breath. and till the waters went from me. and then took to my heels and ran with what strength I had further towards the shore. But neither would this deliver me from the fury of the sea, which came pouring in after me again: and twice more I was lifted up by the waves and carried forward as before. the shore being veryflat. The last time of these two had well—nigh been fatal to me. forthe sea having hurried me along as before, landed me. or rather dashed me. against a piece of rock. and that with such force. that it left me senseless. and indeed helpless. as to my own deliverance. The blow taking my side and breast. beat the breath as it were quite out of my body: and had it returned again immediately. I must have been strangled in the water: but I recovered a little before the return ofthe waves.Seeing I should be covered again with the water. I resolved to hold fast by a piece of the rock. and so to hold my breath, if possible. till the wave went back. Now, as the waves were not so high as at first. being nearer land, I held my hold till the wave abated. and then fetched another run, which brought me so nearthe shore that the next wave. though it went over me. did not so swallow me up as to carry me away. The next run I took. I got to the mainland. where. to my great comfort, I clambered up the cliffs of the shore and sat me down upon the grass. free from danger and quite out of the reach of the water. .....

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18 Select all the correct answers. What are two ways in which the information in the fifth paragraph influences the passage as a whole? It explains how a change in management led to decline at the Orphan Mine. It shows how good management of tourist facilities led to the mine's success. O It introduces the idea that mining is more profitable than tourism. It serves as a turning point in the history and fortunes of the Orphan Mine. O It describes how the Orphan Mine became a prosperous uranium mine. Reset Next

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Dan Hogan and the Orphan Mine adapted from U.S. National Park service Dan Hogan was in the first group of prospectors to come to Grand Canyon from Flagstaff in 1890. He and some friends are the first known hikers to complete a rimrtorrimrtorrim backpacking trip through the central corridor in 1891. But his adventures were only getting sta rted. in 1893 Hogan registered the "Orphan Lode" or "Orphan Mine." located 1,000 feet below Maricopa Point and on 20.64 acres of scenic property less than two miles west of todays village. Four acres abutted the canyon edge while the remainder plummeted to the copper mine's shaft in the clififace below. Hogan constructed two trails to his claim. The Battleship Trail followed the upper 1.4 miles of the Bright Angel Trail before traversing below Maricopa Point another 3 5 miles to the mine site. Another trail consisted ofropes. ladders, and toe holds chiseled into the side of the clifffrom the rim directly above the mine site. Few other than Hogan used what he called "The Slide" and others called the Hummingbird Trail. Vou had to be a hummingbird to hang on! Hogan not only had the mine, but was also able to build tourist facilities uncontrolled bythe National Park Service In 1936, he opened the Grand Canyon Trading Past, eventually adding cabins and a saloon. World War ll ended his mining and tourism business, and Hogan sold out to Madeleinejacobs in 1945. Jacobs operated the tourist facilities with Ittle interest in the mine until 1951. when it was discovered that the black rock she had been kicking aside was actually some of the richest uranium in the Southwest. The Orphan Mine became one of the most productive uranium mines in the region. in operation from 195371969. An1.8007footrlong cable tram was added in 1955. A large "bucket" carried miners down and back from the rim to the mine opening in the cliff below. and hauled out the excavated ore. Each bucket could hold 600 pounds of ore. with an average of 1 .000 tons removed each month. in 1959. to meet higher safety standards and increased production demand. the cable tram was replaced by an elevator and load car operated from a large headframe.A1.5007footvertical shaft was drilled straight down from the rim to the mine site. Miners had a long. dark ride into the mine below Ore production increased to almost 9,000 tons each month. in the late 1950s. the mining company sought permission to extend the operation beyond the mining claim and into federal property To speed the approval process they proposed an 15 story. 800400!" hotel overhanging the rim. This grand hotel would spill "down the side ofthe precipitous cliff like a concrete waterfall" ending at a swimming pool and sun deck below. Because ofthe controversy over the extended mining operations and the unprecedented hotel plans. Congress passed a law in 1962 that allowed a compromise. Mining could continue. but tourist operations were prohibited after 1966, and all mining would cease by 1987. when the property would then pass to the federal government Mining actually stopped by 1969 when the market for uranium declined and shipping costs forthe ore increased. when the mine closed it had produced 495,107 tons ofore, including 4,257,571 pounds of uranium oxide, 6,680,000 pounds of copper. 107,000 pounds ofsilver, and 3,283 pounds of vanadium oxide. The value of the uranium alone has been estimated at $40 million.

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13 Select all the correct answers. Which two statements best describe how both passages highlight the importance of design techniques? Both passages discuss the need for government funding for constructing public statues. O Both passages explain how working together and exchanging ideas on techniques helped create the Statue of Liberty. O Both passages describe how the artists used innovative ideas to plan the design for the Statue of Liberty. O Both passages reveal how the two artists appreciated each other's ideas and concepts. O Both passages show how the artists designed the outer and inner structure of the Statue of Liberty. Reset Next

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Passage 1 from Auguste Bartholdi Born on August 2, 1834 in Colmar, Alsace, France, Auguste Bartholdi was the French sculptor who designed the Statue of Liberty. Early in his career, Bartholdi extensively studied art, sculpture, and architecture. From 1855 to 1856, Bartholdi embarked on a life-changing trip throughout Europe and the Middle East with some fellow artists. When they visited the Sphinx and Pyramids of Giza in Egypt, Bartholdi discovered his passion for large-scale public monuments and colossal sculptures. In 1869, the Egyptian government expressed interest in designing a lighthouse for the Suez Canal. Eager and excited, Bartholdi designed a colossal statue of a robed woman holding a torch, which he called "Egypt (or Progress) Brings Light to Asia." When he attended the canal's inauguration, however, Bartholdi was informed that he would not be able to proceed with the lighthouse. Although disappointed, Bartholdi received a second chance to design a colossal statue. In 1865, Edouard de Laboulaye proposed that a monument representing freedom and democracy be created for the United States. Bartholdi was a great supporter of Laboulaye's idea and, in 1870, he began designing the Statue of "Liberty Enlightening the World." In the first few years after the statue's conception, Bartholdi made a number of trips to the United States. The moment he first entered New York harbor by ship, he spotted the location where he knew the statue must stand-Bedloe's Island. Bartholdi saw New York as the gateway to America, and it was at Bedloe's Island that Bartholdi envisioned the statue rising out of the star-shaped Fort Wood. Bartholdi also used his trips to stir up support for the statue-both ideologically and financially. When he returned to Paris in 1872, Bartholdi used his American contacts to assist Edouard de Laboulaye in creating the Franco-American Union in Paris, which raised 400,000 francs to fund the construction of the statue. Bartholdi visited the United States once more in 1876 to display the statue's massive arm and torch at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. Afterwards the pieces were displayed in Madison Square Park, New York City until 1882, to assist in fundraising. Additionally, Bartholdi assisted with setting up the American Committee for the Statue of Liberty for fundraising in the United States for the pedestal. Source: http://www.nps.gov/stli/historyculture/auguste-bartholdi.htm Passage 2 Eugene Viollet-le-Duc Eugene Viollet-le-Duc, born on January 21, 1814 in Paris, France, was the first architect hired to design the internal structure of the Statue of Liberty. He was hired by Auguste Bartholdi, the sculptor of the Statue of Liberty, who was one of Viollet-le-Duc's former students. In his designs, Viollet-le-Duc wanted to rely solely on sheer weight to support the Statue's 62,000 pounds of copper skin. Therefore, he suggested that sand-filled masonry compartments be constructed within the Statue. Viollet-le-Duc also advised Bartholdi to sculpt the Statue's skin using the repousse technique-the process of molding light-weight copper sheets by hammering them onto the statue's wooden framework. Once molded, these sheets would be attached to each other with the use of armature' bars. Lastly, Viollet-le-Duc helped Bartholdi design Miss Liberty's torch and the support system for her arm. When Viollet-le-Duc died unexpectedly on September 17, 1879, Bartholdi turned to Gustave Eiffel to design the statue's internal structure. Viollet-le-Duc's ideas however were not forgotten or unappreciated. Although Eiffel designed a completely new support system for the statue, Viollet-le-Duc's brilliant armature bar usage and repousse technique were retained. iron framework Source: http://www.nps.gov/stli/historyculture/eugene-viollet-le-duc.htm

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20 Drag each label to the correct location on the image. Each label can be used more than once. Classify which sentences from the passage describe a problem and which ones describe a solution. solution problem Sentences Aswith Mercury and Gemini space garments, Apollo suits had to serve as a backup pressure system to the space capsule. Prohle meol ution Furthermore, when walking on the Moon, Apollo astronauts needed the flexibility to roam freely without dragging a cumbersome combination oxygen line and tether. The garment, similar to long johns but laced with a network of thin walled plastic tubing, circulated cooling water around the astronaut to prevent overheating. [in top of the pressure layer were five layers of aluminized Mylar for heat protection, mixed with four spacing layers of non-woven Dacron. Capping off the suit was a communications headset and a clear plastic pressure helmet.

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Suited for Spacewalks adapted from NASA Following Gemini, the Apollo program added a new dimension in spacesuit design because actual spacewalks, on the surface of the Moon, were now to occur for the first time. As with Mercury and Gemini space garments, Apollo suits had to serve as a backup pressure system to the space capsule. Besides allowing flexibility in the shoulder and arm areas, they also had to permit movements of the legs and waist. Astronauts needed to be able to bend and stoop to pick up samples on the Moon. Suits had to function both in microgravity and in the one-sixth gravity of the Moon's surface. Furthermore, when walking on the Moon, Apollo astronauts needed the flexibility to roam freely without dragging a cumbersome combination oxygen line and tether. A self-contained portable life-support system was needed. The Apollo spacesuit began with a garment that used water as a coolant. The garment, similar to long johns but laced with a network of thin walled plastic tubing, circulated cooling water around the astronaut to prevent overheating. A multi-layered pressure garment was worn on top of the cooling suit. The innermost layer of this garment was a comfort layer of lightweight nylon with fabric ventilation ducts. On top of this was a layer of neoprene-coated nylon surrounded by a nylon restraint layer. This layer contained the pressure inside the suit. Improved mobility was achieved by bellow-like joints of formed rubber with built-in restraint cables at the waist, elbows, shoulders, wrist, knees, and ankles. On top of the pressure layer were five layers of aluminized Mylar for heat protection, mixed with four spacing layers of non-woven Dacron. Above these were two layers of material for additional thermal protection and a non-flammable layer of Teflon coated in a fibrous cloth. The outermost layer of the suit was white Teflon cloth. The last two layers were flame resistant. In total, the suit layers provided pressure, served as a protection against heat and cold, and protected the wearer against micrometeoroid impacts and the wear and tear of walking on the Moon. Capping off the suit was a communications headset and a clear plastic pressure helmet. Slipped over the top of the helmet was an assembly consisting of sun-filtering visors and adjustable blinders for sunlight protection. The final items of the Apollo spacesuit were lunar protective boots, a portable life-support system, and custom-sized gloves with molded silicone-rubber fingertips that provided some degree of fingertip sensitivity in handling equipment. The life-support system, a backpack unit, provided oxygen for breathing and pressurization, water for cooling, and radio communications for lunar surface excursions lasting up to eight hours. Furthermore, back inside the lunar lander the life-support system could be recharged with more oxygen and battery power for additional Moonwalks. During the Apollo program, 12 astronauts spent a total of 161 hours of extravehicular activities on the Moon's surface. Additional extravehicular activities were spent in microgravity while the astronauts were in transit from the Moon to Earth. During a total of four hours, one astronaut, the command module pilot, left the capsule to retrieve photographic film. There was no need for the portable life-support system away from the Moon, as those astronauts were connected to the spacecraft by umbilical tether lines supplying them with oxygen.