Methanol (methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naptha or wood spirits) is a chemical compound with chemical formula CH3OH. Thermophysical properties for temperatures ranging -50-150 oC are indicated in the table below.
For full table with Liquid Viscosity, Vapor Viscosity, Vapor Pressure, Vapor Specific Heat and Liquid Surface Tension - rotate the screen!
Surface tension is caused by the inward attraction of molecules at a boundary.
Surface tension is the energy required to stretch a unit change of surface area - and the surface tension will form a drop of liquid to a sphere since the sphere offers the smallest area for a definite volume.
Surface tension can be defined as
σ = Fs / l (1)
where
σ = surface tension (N/m)
Fs = stretching force (N)
l = unit length (m)
Alternative Units
Alternatively, surface tension is typically measured in dynes/cm, which is
- the force in dynes required to break a film of length 1 cm
or as surface energy J/m2 or alternatively ergs per square centimeter.
- 1 dynes/cm (dyn/cm) = 0.001 N/m = 0.0000685 lbf/ft = 0.571 10-5 lbf/in = 0.0022 poundal/ft = 0.00018 poundal/in = 1.0 mN/m = 0.001 J/m2 = 1.0 erg/cm2 = 0.00010197 kgf/m
Common Imperial units used are lb/ft and lb/in.
Surface Tension of Water
Surface tension of water at some temperatures:
0 | 0.0757 |
10 | 0.0742 |
20 | 0.0728 |
30 | 0.0712 |
40 | 0.0696 |
50 | 0.0679 |
60 | 0.0662 |
70 | 0.0644 |
80 | 0.0626 |
90 | 0.0608 |
100 | 0.0588 |
Surface Tension of some common Fluids
Surface tension of fluids at 25oC (77oF).
Acetaldehyde | 0.021 |
Acetic acid, Ethanoic acid | 0.027 |
Acetic anhydride, Acetyl acetat | 0.032 |
Acetone, 2-Propanone | 0.024 |
Acetonitrile, Methyl cyanide | 0.287 |
Allyl alcohol | 0.025 |
Ammonia, R-717 | 0.021 |
Aniline, Benzenamine | 0.042 |
Anisole, Methoxybenzene | 0.035 |
Benzene, Annulene | 0.028 |
Benzonitrile, Phenyl cyanide | 0.039 |
Benzylamine | 0.039 |
Bromine | 0.041 |
Bromobenzene | 0.035 |
Bromoethane | 0.024 |
n-Butane | 0.023 |
1-Butanol, Butyl alcohol | 0.025 |
Butyl acetat | 0.025 |
Butylamine | 0.023 |
Diethyl ether | 0.017 |
Carbon dioxide | 0.00056 |
Carbon disulfide | 0.032 |
Carbon tetrachloride | 0.027 |
Clorobenzene, Phenyl chloride | 0.033 |
Chlorodifluoromethane, HCFC-22 | 0.008 |
Chloroform | 0.0271 |
1-Chlorohexane, Hexyl chloride | 0.026 |
1-Chloropentane | 0.024 |
p-Cresol | 0.035 |
Cyclohexane | 0.024 |
Cyclohexanol | 0.033 |
Cyclohexene | 0.026 |
Cyclopentane | 0.022 |
Decane | 0.024 |
Dibutylamine | 0.024 |
Dichlorodifluoromethane, CFC-12 | 0.0086 |
Diethylene glycol | 0.045 |
Diethyl ether, Ethyl ether | 0.017 |
Diethyl sulfide, Ethyl sulfide | 0.025 |
Ethane | 0.00048 |
Ethanol, Ethyl Alcohol, Pure Alcohol, Grain Alcohol, Drinking Alcohol | 0.022 |
Ethanolamine, glycinol | 0.048 |
Ethyl acetate | 0.024 |
Ethylamine, Ethanamine | 0.019 |
Ethylbenzene, Phenylethane | 0.029 |
Ethyl benzoate | 0.035 |
Ethyl bromide | 0.025 |
Ethyl mercaptan | 0.024 |
Ethylene glycol | 0.0477 |
Formamide | 0.057 |
Formixc acis, Methanoic acid | 0.037 |
Furfural | 0.043 |
n-Heptane | 0.020 |
Heptanoic acid, Enanthic acid | 0.028 |
Hexadekane, Cetane | 0.027 |
n-Hexane | 0.018 |
Hexanenitrile, Capronitrile | 0.027 |
1-Hexanol, Caproyl alcohol | 0.026 |
1-Hexene | 0.018 |
Hydrazine | 0.066 |
Glycerol | 0.064 |
Isobenzene, Phenyl iodide | 0.039 |
Isobutane, 2-Methylpropane | 0.010 |
Isobutyl acetat. 2-Methylpropyl acetat | 0.023 |
Isobutyric acid | 0.025 |
Isopropanol, 2-propanol, Isopropyl Alcohol, Rubbing Alcohol, Sec-propyl Alcohol, s-Propanol | 0.022 |
Mercury, Quicksilver | 0.485 |
Methanol, Methyl alcohol | 0.022 |
Methyl acetat | 0.025 |
Methyl formate | 0.025 |
Nitrobenzene (50oC) | 0.041 |
Nitromethane, Nitrocarbol | 0.036 |
Nonane | 0.022 |
Octane | 0.021 |
Pentane | 0.015 |
Pentyl acetat | 0.025 |
Propane, LPG | 0.007 |
1-Propanol, Propyl alcohol | 0.023 |
n-Propyl alcohol | 0.024 |
n-Propyl benzene | 0.030 |
Pyridine | 0.037 |
Trichloromethane, Chloroform | 0.023 |
Toluene, Methylbenzene | 0.028 |
Trifluormethane, Fluoroform | 0.00003 |
Undecane, Hendecane | 0.025 |
Water at 20oC | 0.072 |
Water, soapy at 20oC | 0.0250 - 0.0450 |
Water-d2, Heavy Water | 0.071 |
Xenon (10oC) | 0.00044 |
o-Xylene | 0.029 |
m-Xylene | 0.028 |
p-Xylene | 0.028 |
Surface Active Agents
Soaps, detergents or surfactants - also called surface-active agents - added to to water even in small substances decreases the surface tension of water to a considerable extent. Due to decreased surface tension water with soap can remove oil or grease where clean water can not.
This is a table of surface tension values[1] for some interfaces at the indicated temperatures. Note that the SI units millinewtons per meter (mN·m−1) are equivalent to the cgs units dynes per centimetre (dyn·cm−1).
Interface | Temperature | γ (mN·m−1) |
Water–air | 20 °C | 72.86 ± 0.05[2] |
Water–air | 21.5 °C | 72.75 |
Water–air | 25 °C | 71.99±0.05[2] |
Methylene iodide–air | 20 °C | 67.00 |
Methylene iodide–air | 21.5 °C | 63.11 |
Ethylene glycol–air | 25 °C | 47.3 |
Ethylene glycol–air | 40 °C | 46.3 |
Dimethyl sulfoxide–air | 20 °C | 43.54 |
Propylene carbonate–air | 20 °C | 41.1 |
Benzene–air | 20 °C | 28.88 |
Benzene–air | 30 °C | 27.56 |
Toluene–air | 20 °C | 28.52 |
Chloroform–air | 25 °C | 26.67 |
Propionic acid–air | 20 °C | 26.69 |
Butyric acid–air | 20 °C | 26.51 |
Carbon tetrachloride–air | 25 °C | 26.43 |
Butyl acetate–air | 20 °C | 25.09 |
Diethylene glycol–air | 20 °C | 30.09 |
Nonane–air | 20 °C | 22.85 |
Methanol–air | 20 °C | 22.50 |
Ethanol–air | 20 °C | 22.39 |
Ethanol–air | 30 °C | 21.55 |
Octane–air | 20 °C | 21.61 |
Heptane–air | 20 °C | 20.14 |
Ether–air | 25 °C | 20.14 |
Hexane-air | 20 °C | 17.9[3] |
Mercury–air | 20 °C | 486.5 |
Mercury–air | 25 °C | 485.5 |
Mercury–air | 30 °C | 484.5 |
NaCl–air | 1073 °C | 115 |
KClO3–air | 20 °C | 81 |
Water–1-Butanol | 20 °C | 1.8 |
Water–Ethyl acetate | 20 °C | 6.8 |
Water–Heptanoic acid | 20 °C | 7.0 |
Water–Benzaldehyde | 20 °C | 15.5 |
Water–transformer oil | 20 °C | 37.2[4] |
Water–Mercury | 20 °C | 415 |
Ethanol–Mercury | 20 °C | 389 |
Water–1,2-Dichloroethane | 20 °C | 30.5 ± 0.3[5] |
Water–α,α,α-trifluorotoluene | 20 °C | 38.0 ± 0.5[5] |
Water–nitrobenzene | 20 °C | 24.4 ± 0.2[5] |
Water–nitromethane | 20 °C | 16.0 ± 0.2[5] |
Water–propylene carbonate | 20 °C | 2.9 ± 0.1[6] |
- ^ A. W. Adamson, A. P. Gast.; Physical chemistry of surfaces; 6Ed, Wiley, 1997)
- ^ a b Colloids and Surfaces (1990)43,169–194, Pallas,N.R. and Harrison,Y
- ^ "Surface Tension of Hexane from Dortmund Data Bank". ddbst.com. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
- ^ Geoffrey Taylor (1964). "Disintegration of Water Droplets in an Electric Field". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 280 (1382): 383–397. Bibcode:1964RSPSA.280..383T. doi:10.1098/rspa.1964.0151. JSTOR 2415876. S2CID 15067908.
- ^ a b c d Smirnov, Evgeny; Peljo, Pekka; Scanlon, Micheál D.; Gumy, Frederic; Girault, Hubert H. (2016). "Self-healing gold mirrors and filters at liquid–liquid interfaces" (PDF). Nanoscale. 8 (14): 7723–7737. doi:10.1039/c6nr00371k. hdl:10344/8369. ISSN 2040-3364. PMID 27001646.
- ^ Smirnov, Evgeny; Peljo, Pekka; Girault, Hubert (2017). "Self-assembly and redox induced phase transfer of gold nanoparticles at the water-propylene carbonate interface" (PDF). Chem. Commun. 53 (29): 4108–4111. doi:10.1039/c6cc09638g. ISSN 1364-548X. PMID 28349148.
More values on
- //www.surface-tension.de/
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