To see how a PC works, let's start with the pieces that come together to make up the machine. The following are the components common to PCs in the order they're typically assembled: Case -- If you're using a laptop, the computer case includes keyboard and screen. For desktop PCs, the case is typically some type of box with lights, vents, and places for attaching cables. The size of the case can vary from small tabletop units to tall towers. A larger case doesn't always imply a more powerful computer; it's what's inside that counts. PC builders design or select a case based on the type of motherboard that should fit inside. Motherboard -- The primary circuit board inside your PC is its motherboard. All components, inside and out, connect through the motherboard in some way. The other components listed on this page are removable and, thus, replaceable without replacing the motherboard. Several important components, though, are attached directly to the motherboard. These include the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS), which stores some information, such as the system clock, when the computer is powered down. Motherboards come in different sizes and standards, the most common as of this writing being ATX and MicroATX. From there, motherboards vary by the type of removable components they're designed to handle internally and what ports are available for attaching external devices. Power supply -- Other than its CMOS, which is powered by a replaceable CMOS battery on the motherboard, every component in your PC relies on its power supply. The power supply connects to some type of power source, whether that's a battery in the case of mobile computers, or a power outlet in the case of desktop PCs. In a desktop PC, you can see the power supply mounted inside the case with a power cable connection on the outside and a handful of attached cables inside. Some of these cables connect directly to the motherboard while others connect to other components like drives and fans. Central processing unit (CPU) -- The CPU, often just called the processor, is the component that contains the microprocessor. That microprocessor is the heart of all the PC's operations, and the performance of both hardware and software rely on the processor's performance. Intel and AMD are the largest CPU manufacturers for PCs, though you'll find others on the market, too. The two common CPU architectures are 32-bit and 64-bit, and you'll find that certain software relies on this architecture distinction. Random-access memory (RAM) -- Even the fastest processor needs a buffer to store information while it's being processed. The RAM is to the CPU as a countertop is to a cook: It serves as the place where the ingredients and tools you're working with wait until you need to pick up and use them. Both a fast CPU and an ample amount of RAM are necessary for a speedy PC. Each PC has a maximum amount of RAM it can handle, and slots on the motherboard indicate the type of RAM the PC requires. Drives -- A drive is a device intended to store data when it's not in use. A hard drive or solid state drive stores a PC's operating system and software, which we'll look at more closely later. This category also includes optical drives such as those used for reading and writing CD, DVD and Blu-ray media. A drive connects to the motherboard based on the type of drive controller technology it uses, including the older IDE standard and the newer SATA standard. Cooling devices -- The more your computer processes, the more heat it generates. The CPU and other components can handle a certain amount of heat. However, if a PC isn't cooled properly, it can overheat, causing costly damage to its components and circuitry. Fans are the most common device used to cool a PC. In addition, the CPU is covered by a metallic block called a heat sink, which draws heat away from the CPU. Some serious computer users, such as gamers, sometimes have more expensive heat management solutions, like a water-cooled system, designed to deal with more intense cooling demands. Cables -- All the components we've mentioned so far are connected by some combination of cables. These cables are designed to carry data, power or both. PCs should be constructed so that the cables fold neatly within the case and do not block air flow throughout it. A PC is typically much more than these core components. Next, we'll look at the ports and peripherals that let you interact with the computer and how you can add even more components using expansion slots. Page 2
 It's impossible to imagine life without a computer nowadays. We do our work, entertain ourselves and find out what we need to know via computers. Sometimes we forget that the smartphone is just a palm-sized version of our desktop PC. While the term computer can apply to virtually any device that has a microprocessor in it, most people think of a computer as a device that receives input from the user through a mouse or keyboard, processes it in some fashion and displays the result on a screen. The hardware and software within computers have evolved at a circuit-snapping pace in the past few decades — the bulky desk-crushing machines from the early '80s look nothing like the featherweight touchscreen tablets of today. Compared to those of the late 20th-century, today's modern computers are also a lot more interconnected thanks to the unrelenting sprawl of the internet and various web technologies. And this very connectedness has altered the computers themselves. Gone are the days of dial-up modems that beeped their way to text-based bulletin board systems. Now, computers use WiFi and broadband connections to blaze their way through multimedia content from live streaming news to movies to multi-player games and much more. There are a lot of terms used to describe different types computers. Most of these words imply the size, expected use or capability of the computer. Let's get started with the most obvious one.
An IBM computer terminal, used for official scoring on the PGA tour, is displayed in the press room of the 1994 Mercedes Championships in Carlsbad, California. Computers have changed a lot since then. Simon P. Barnett/Allsport/Getty Images The personal computer (PC) defines a computer designed for general use by a single person. While an iMac is definitely a PC, most people relate the acronym to computers that run on the Windows operating system instead. PCs were first known as microcomputers because they were complete computers but built on a smaller scale than the huge systems in use by most businesses. In 1981, iconic tech maker IBM unveiled its first PC, which relied on Microsoft's now-legendary operating system — MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System). Apple followed up in 1983 by creating the Lisa, one of the first PCs with a GUI (graphical user interface) [sources: Alfred, Cabell]. That's a fancy way of saying "icons" were visible on the screen. Before that, computer screens were pretty plain. Along the way, critical components such as CPUs (central processing units) and RAM (random access memory) evolved at a breakneck pace, making computers faster and more efficient. In 1986, Compaq unleashed a 32-bit CPU on its 386 machines. And of course, Intel grabbed a place in computer history in 1993 with its first Pentium processor [sources: PCWorld, Tom's Hardware]. Now, personal computers have touchscreens, all sorts of built-in connectivity (like Bluetooth and WiFi), and operating systems that morph by the day. So do the sizes and shapes of the machines themselves.
A desktop computer is easily recognized by its large terminal box. Jupiterimages/Getty Images Until the middle of the 1980s, consumers had one choice for a PC — and it was the desktop format. These knee-knocking boxes (called "towers") were big enough to gouge your shins. Equipped with large CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors, they crowded your home workspace or the office. The expectation with desktop systems were that you would set the computer up in a permanent location. Most desktops offer more power, storage and versatility for less cost than their portable brethren, which was what made them the go-to computer in the 1990s, when laptops were still thousands of dollars [source: Britannica]. These days, desktops are much, much cheaper than they were 20 years, and you can have one for just a few hundred dollars. That's a far cry from the thousands of dollars they cost in the '80s. In fact, one of Hewlett-Packard's first business PCs, the 300, cost $95,000 in 1972 [source: Comen]. As smartphones and laptops continue their domination of the world, and their prices have put them in reach of most consumers, desktops are going the way of the dinosaur. In 2017, worldwide desktop sales dropped below 100 million, far fewer than the 161.6 million laptops that flew off shelves that same year [source: Moore-Colyer]. But don't cry for the desktop. This PC format is giving way to products that are just as powerful, with the tremendous added benefit of portability. And hardcore gamers still value desktops.
Laptops have replaced desktops as the work-based computer of choice. This woman is using hers for a video conference. FS Productions/Getty Images Once upon a time, if you wanted to use a PC, you had to use a desktop. Engineers simply couldn't condense the sophisticated systems in a PC into a portable box. In the mid-1980s, though, many big computer manufacturers made a push to popularize laptop computers. Laptops are portable computers that integrate the display, keyboard, a pointing device or trackball, processor, memory and hard drive all in a battery-operated package slightly larger than an average hardcover book. The first true commercial laptop, though, was a far cry from the svelte devices crowding retail shops today. The Osborne 1, released in 1981, sold for around $1,800, had 64 kb of memory — and weighed about 24 pounds (10 kilograms). As it toned your biceps, the Osborne 1 also gave your eyes a workout, as the screen was just 5 inches (12 centimeters) [source: Computing History]. Fortunately, manufacturers quickly improved upon the look and feel of laptops. Just two years later, Radio Shack's TRS-80 Model 100 packed its component into a 4-pound (8 kilogram) frame, but it lacked power. By the end of the decade, NEC's UltraLite smashed barriers by cramming real computing efficiency into the first true notebook (i.e. very light laptop) style, which weighed just 5 pounds (2.2 kilograms). The race to ultra-portability was officially on [source: Bellis]. However, laptops didn't overtake PCs in sales until 2005 [source: Arthur].
A user draws the bones of the hand on Apple's 9.7-inch iPad during an event held to introduce the device at Lane Tech College Prep High School on March 27, 2018 in Chicago, Illinois. Scott Olson/Getty Images Netbooks are ultra-portable computers that are even smaller than traditional laptops. The extreme cost-effectiveness of netbooks (roughly $200) means they're cheaper than almost any brand-new laptop you'll find at retail outlets. However, netbooks' internal components are less powerful than those in regular laptops [source: Krynin]. Netbooks first appeared in 2007, primarily as a means for accessing the internet and web-based applications, from email, to music and movie streaming, to web surfing. They're incredibly compact, but as a result, their specifications list often resembles a very stripped-down laptop. They have small displays (as small as 6 or 7 inches or 15-18 centimeters), little storage capacity (perhaps maxing out at 64GB), and sometimes skimp on or altogether skip data ports (like USB or HDMI) that traditional laptops wield. A lot of netbooks come from small manufacturers, as the big guns can't be bothered with the low profit margins of these cheaper machines [source: Lenovo]. Because they have relatively sluggish processors and little memory, netbooks can't do the heavy lifting for graphics applications or hardcore games. Instead, they're best for the task that gives them their name: web surfing [source: Krynin]. Tablets have largely replaced the niche netbooks occupied. Tablets are thin, flat devices that look like larger versions of smartphones. They were first manufactured in 2000 by Lenovo, but popularized by Apple in 2010 with the release of its iPad [source: Bort]. Tablets can do pretty much all the functions that laptops do, but don't have the internal fans that PCs have. So they have to rely on lower-performing processors that won't use as much heat or battery power. They also have less storage capacity than traditional PCs. Older tablets used the same operating systems as mobile phones but the newer tablets use a full operating system such as Micrsoft Windows 10 [source: Lenovo]. Tablets are more portable than PCs, have a longer battery life yet can also do smartphone-like activities such as taking photos, playing games and drawing with a stylus. For those who like the keyboard functionality of a laptop, some tablets come with a keyboard (attached or detachable), allowing you to combine the best of both worlds.
It's amazing all the computer functions a smartphone can perform, including taking a photo. LWA/Dann Tardif/Getty Images Early computers of the 20th century famously required entire rooms. These days, you can carry much more processing power right in your pants pocket. Handheld computers like smartphones and PDAs are one of our era's iconic devices [source: Arthur]. Debuting in the 1990s, personal digital assistants (PDAs) were tightly integrated computers that often used flash memory instead of a hard drive for storage. These computers usually didn't have keyboards but relied on touchscreen technology for user input. PDAs were typically smaller than a paperback novel, very lightweight with a reasonable battery life. For a time, they were the go-to devices for calendars, email, and simple messaging functions [source: Britannica]. Remember the Palm Pilot and the BlackBerry? But as the smartphone revolution began, PDAs lost their luster. Smartphones like the iPhone and Samsung Galaxy blend calling features and PDA functionality along with full-blown computer capabilities that get more jaw-dropping by the day. They feature touch-screen interfaces, high-speed processors, many gigabytes of memory, complete connectivity options (including Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and more), dual-lens cameras, high-quality audio systems, and other features that would startle electronics engineers from half a century ago. Although smartphones have existed in some fashion since 2000, it was the heavily hyped debut of the iPhone 3G in 2007 that brought the device to the masses. The look, feel and functionality of that iPhone set the template for all the other smartphones that have followed [source: Nguyen].
Engineers often use workstation computers, though their popularity is declining as 'ordinary' computers get more powerful. Monty Rakusen/Getty Images A workstation is simply a desktop computer that has a more powerful processor, additional memory, high-end graphics adapters and enhanced capabilities for performing a special group of tasks, such as 3D graphics or game development [source: Intel]. Workstations, like regular desktop computers, are intended for individual users. But they differ from desktops in that they are much, much speedier. Typically, it's businesses like engineering firms or multimedia companies that buy these workhorse PCs for their employees [source: TechTarget]. The power of a workstation doesn't come cheap. Whereas small businesses can easily find normal desktops for just a few hundred dollars, workstations might cost three times as much. Basic workstations easily go for $1,500 and double in price in a hurry [source: Benton]. But whereas cheap desktops are built with equally cheap (read: sometimes unreliable) components, workstations are quality machines meant for serious business. They may be left on overnight to crunch numbers or render animations. Therefore, these computers sport redundant hard drives for data safety, as well as faster CPUs and large-capacity solid-state drives. All of those factors point to a machine that's made more for profit instead of basic word processing or random games of Minesweeper [source: Benton].
A detailed view in the CERN Computer/Data Centre and server farm of the 15,607 square foot (1,450 square meter) main room at the world's largest particle physics laboratory on April 19, 2017 in Meyrin, Switzerland. Dean Mouhtaropoulos/Getty Images A computer that has been optimized to provide services to other computers over a network, servers usually have powerful processors, lots of memory and large hard drives. Unlike a desktop or laptop PC, you don't sit down at a server and type. Instead, a server provides computer power — and lots of it — through a local area network (LAN) or over the internet. Companies small and large lean on servers to provide information, process orders, track shipping data, crunch scientific formulas, and a whole lot more. Servers are often stored on racks in a dedicated server room, which in some companies may resemble warehouses. Like regular PCs, servers have typical computer components. They have motherboards, RAM, video cards, power supplies and ample network connections for any need. They don't typically have dedicated displays, though. Instead, IT workers use a single monitor to configure and control multiple servers, combining their computing power for ever greater speed. Ever wonder how a service like Google can anticipate your search inquiries in real time ... and then kick back answers to your deepest questions in just a moment? It's all because of servers. By some estimates, the company maintains and operates roughly 2.5 million servers in huge data centers scattered all around Earth [source: Data Center Knowledge].
Visitors look at an IBM z13 mainframe computer at the IBM stand at the 2015 CeBIT technology trade fair in Hanover, Germany. Sean Gallup/Getty Images In the early days of computing, mainframes were huge computers that could fill an entire room or even a whole floor! As the size of computers has diminished while their power has increased, the term mainframe has fallen out of use in favor of enterprise server. You'll still hear the term mentioned, though, particularly in large companies to describe the huge machines processing millions of transactions every day, while simultaneously working to fulfill the needs of hundreds, if not thousands of individual users. Although mainframes traditionally meant a centralized computer linked to less powerful devices like workstations, this definition is blurring as smaller machines gain more power and mainframes get more flexible [source: IBM]. Mainframes first came to life in the post-World War II era, as the U.S. Department of Defense ramped up its energies to fight the Cold War. Even as servers become more numerous, mainframes are still used to crunch some of the biggest and most complex databases in the world. They help to secure countless sensitive transactions, from mobile payments to top-secret corporation information [source: Alba]. Indeed, IBM, one of the world's most enduring makers of mainframes for more than half a century, saw a spike in mainframe sales in 2018, for the first time in five years. That's in part because mainframes can pack so much calculating muscle into an area that's small than a rack of modern, high-speed servers [source: Hall].
This type of computer usually costs hundreds of thousands or even millions of dollars. Although some supercomputers are single computer systems, most are composed of multiple high performance computers working in parallel as a single system. The best known supercomputers are built by Cray Supercomputers. Supercomputers are different from mainframes. Both types of computers wield incredible computing power for Earth's most intense industrial and scientific calculations. Mainframes are generally tweaked to provide the ultimate in data reliability. Supercomputers, on the other hand, are the Formula 1 race cars of the computer world, built for breakneck processing speed, so that companies can hurtle through calculations that might take other systems days, weeks, or even months to complete. They're often found at places like atomic research centers, spy agencies, scientific institutes, or weather forecasting stations, where speed is of vital concern. For example, the United States' National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which has some of the world's most advanced weather forecasting capabilities, uses some of the world's fastest computers — capable of more than 8 quadrillion calculations per second [sources: Hardawar, NOAA]. That kind of heart-stopping computer power comes at an equally heart-stopping price. The U.S. Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Summit supercomputer, for example, cost $200 million. It is the first supercomputer built to handle AI applications [source: Wolfson].
Smart watches and other wearables are the next iteration of computers. This one tells the wearer's pulse. Guido Mieth/Getty Images The latest trend in computing is wearable computers. Essentially, common computer applications (e-mail, database, multimedia, calendar/scheduler) are integrated into watches, cell phones, visors and even clothing. Many other wearables target outdoors enthusiasts and fitness freaks, allowing them to track their location, altitude, calories burned, steps, speed, and much, much more. The Apple iWatch, now in its fourth incarnation, is one of the best reviewed wearables to date. This small watch has many of the functionalities of a full-blown smartphone. It lets you perform normal texting and email duties. And it has a built-in cell phone, unlike some other smart watches that must be paired with a phone to make calls. It even has a built-in electrical heart sensor that you can use to take an electrocardiogram and share it instantly with your doctor [source: Apple]. But watches are just the beginning. Sewn-in accessories for clothing are growing, as are smart eyeglasses, smart belts, sleep monitors, heart rate trackers and intelligent ear buds. A company called MC10 is even touting skin patches that will track various biological processes happening in your body [source: Pervasive Computing]. Wearables are indeed a new horizon in personal computing. Their flexibility and mind-warping potential speak to the idea that the computer revolution isn't over. If anything, the PC era might just be getting underway. Originally Published: Nov 14, 2008
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A personal computer has an _____ hard disk to store its operating system and software applications.
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